Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

which artery supplies the kidneys

A

Renal Artery

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2
Q

which vein supplies the kidneys

A

Renal vein

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3
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

homeostatic control of blood water potential

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4
Q

what are the sections of the kidneys

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

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5
Q

what takes the waste product from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureter

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6
Q

what is the filtering unit of the kidney?

A

the Nephron

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7
Q

Name the different sections of the nephron

A
Glomerulus (inside the Bowman's Capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
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8
Q

how do the kidneys maintain a higher blood pressure than the rest of the body

A

afferent arterioles are wider then efferent

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9
Q

what processes do the kidneys do?

A

ultrafiltration
selective reabsorption
excretion

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10
Q

what is the function of the glomerulus

A

Ultrafiltration

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11
Q

describe the process of ultrafiltration?

A
  • Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery
  • high blood pressure (caused by the afferent arterioles being wider than the efferent arterioles) forces liquid and dissolved solutes out of the blood
  • tissue fluid collects in the Bowman’s Capsule
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12
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

a network of capillaries within the Bowman’s Capsule

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13
Q

what layers does the filtrate need to pass through to leave the blood and enter the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Endothelium (single cell layer of the capillaries)
Basement membrane- (glycoprotein and collagen mesh)
Podocyte layer- foot like projections that fit together with a gap

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14
Q

where does selective reabsorption happen

A

in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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15
Q

what percentage of reabsorption happens in the PCT

A

80%

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16
Q

what is reabsorbed in the PCT

A
Na+
Cl-
glucose
amino acids
water
17
Q

describe the process of selective reabsorption of Na+ from the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule to the blood

A
  • Na+ brought into the cells of the PCT down its concentration gradient through co transport with glucose and Cl- (from a high concentration in the lumen of the PCT to a low concentration of the cells of the PCT) PASSIVE
  • glucose moves into the blood down its concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion- PASSIVE)
  • Na+ actively transported out of cell into blood through Na+ K+ pump ACTIVE
18
Q

how are the cells of PCT adapted for its function

A

large surface area- microvilli

many mitochondria- for active transport of Na+

19
Q

why do the cells of the PCT contain many Mitochondria

A

ATP is needed for active transport of Na+ into the blood

20
Q

what is the is the descending Loop of Henle permeable to

A
WATER 
and salts (Na+ Cl-)
21
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle

A

to create an area of high solute concentration (and therefore low water potential) in the medulla

22
Q

what is the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A

mechanism by which at all points in the loop of Henle the solute concentration is higher in the ascending L of H than the Descending L of H

23
Q

what is the ascending loop of Henle permeable to

A

salts Only

in reality it is slightly permeable to water but a lot less than the descending loop

24
Q

descreibe how the Loop of Henle causes the reabsorption of water from the filtrate

A
  • the ascending L of H is more permeable to salts
  • ions move out of the lumen of A L of H to the medulla by diffusion lower down the ascending Loop of Henle and by active transport further up
  • this lowers the water potential of the medulla
  • water moves out of the descending loop of Henle down its osmotic gradient and are absorbed into the blood
  • this gradient also causes water to move out of the collecting ducts
  • some Na+ and Cl- ions diffuse into the Descending loop of Henle
25
Q

which area of the brain is responsible for osmoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

which hormone acts on the collecting duct

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

27
Q

where is ADH released from

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

28
Q

what does ADH do in the kidney

A
  • acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubules
  • makes them more permeable to water
  • makes urine more concentrated
29
Q

describe the process of osmoregulation in a dehydrated person

A
  • blood water potential decreases
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect low water potential in the blood
  • more ADH secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  • DCT and CD made more permeable to water
  • more water reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • more concentrated urine
30
Q

describe the process of osmoregulation in a hydrated person

A
  • blood water potential increases
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high water potential in the blood
  • less ADH secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  • DCT and CD less permeable to water
  • less water reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • less concentrated urine
31
Q

why would the length of L of H change between species?

A

species living in hot climate need to conserve more water- have a longer L of H