Kindergarten - Adulthood

Question 1

All components continue to development during elementary years, but ___ and ___ grow most

Answer 1

pragmatics
Semantics

Question 2

Two cognitive processes that help early school children with pragmatics

Answer 2

nonegocentricism
decentration

Question 3

cognitive process that grants ability to describe objects/events through multiple dimensions

Answer 3

decentration

Question 4

cognitive process that grants ability to take another person’s perspective

Answer 4

Nonegocentricism

Question 5

What are four ways early elementary school kids are better at storytelling than preschool kids?

Answer 5

1) Increased awareness of structure and needs of audience
2) Using causal coherence = X happened because of Y, etc
3) Provide beginning, a problem, plan to overcome problem, and resolution
4) Decontextualize = setting up a story

Question 6

four types of stories told by early school-aged kids

Answer 6

1) recount (adult-driven)
2) eventcast
3) accounts (child-driven)
4) stories

Question 7

What are five traits often seen in early-school-aged children’s stories?

Answer 7

1) Overt marking of changes in time and place
2) Introduction (characters, setting)
3) Deets on motivation and internal reactions
4) Complexity of episode structure
5) Loose-ends more tied-up than preschoolers

Question 8

narrative framework and internal structure of a story is called

Answer 8

story grammar

Question 9

What are the 7 components of story grammar?

Answer 9

SIIIACC

1) setting statement
2) initiating event
3) internal response
4) internal plan (not always included in young kid’s stories)
5) attempt
6) consequence
7) character’s reaction

Question 10

Which story grammar component provides the exposition for the story?

Answer 10

setting statement

Question 11

Which story grammar component refers to the first thing that happens?

Answer 11

initiating event

Question 12

what is the last component of story grammar?

Answer 12

character’s reaction

Question 13

Elementary school kids with more linguistic proficiency repair communication breakdowns by __

Answer 13

offering more info

Question 14

Early school-age kids start to use different speaking styles with different ___

Answer 14

groups of people

Question 15

Elementary-school kids can do these three things with topics within a conversation

Answer 15

1) introduce
2) sustain
3) switch

Question 16

Children can start to have a sustained conversation about an abstract topic at age __

Answer 16

11

Question 17

asking for something by not asking for it outright (ie it sure is hot today = request for ice cream)

Answer 17

Indirect request

Question 18

As children get older, their use of ___ requests increases

Answer 18

indirect

Question 19

Elementary-aged kids start to use deictic words (otherwise known as __ and __)

Answer 19

here; there

Question 20

What are four ways vocab changes for elementary schoolers?

Answer 20

-Grows
-Word definitions and relationships better
-Better precision
-Understand words with multiple meanings

Question 21

Children’s definitions start to look like adult definitions around age __

Answer 21

11

Question 21

Elementary kids gradually get better and learning new things without the use of ___, or by using __ __

Answer 21

context; context clues

Question 22

concept organization goes from __ to __ with age

Answer 22

concrete; abstract

Question 23

two types of concept organization

Answer 23

taxonomic and thematic

Question 24

categorization based on common essence

Answer 24

Taxonomic

Question 25

categorization of things bound together by an event

Answer 25

Thematic

Question 26

Four different ways elementary school children increase vocab:

Answer 26

1) chunking 2) semantic relationships 3) hierarchical structure 4) neural networks

Question 27

In elementary school, linguistic processing shift is reliance from ___ to ___ strategies

Answer 27

surface; deep

Question 28

linguistic level of processing with syntactic rules and phonetic strings

Answer 28

surface

Question 29

linguistic level of processing with semantic categories and relations

Answer 29

deep

Question 30

linguistic level of processing with situation or image

Answer 30

contextual

Question 31

degree that a metaphor has closely-related literal and figurative meaning

Answer 31

Metaphoric transparency

Question 32

In early school age years, children can produce __ of the sounds and blends in English language

Answer 32

All

Question 33

Meaningless words are phased out at age ___

Answer 33

early school age years

Question 34

Pluralization is mastered at this age

Answer 34

elementary school

Question 35

The usage of derivational prefixes like un-, dis- and non-, as well as derivational suffixes like -able, -ment, -y, and -ly appear at this age

Answer 35

elementary school

Question 36

Children learn full adult stress and accents system by age __

Answer 36

12

Question 37

Altering sounds that looks similar but are different with morpheme convo (ie electric and electricity) starts to happen at this age

Answer 37

elementary school

Question 38

what are five ways elementary school children's syntactic skills increase?

Answer 38

1) learn passive voice 2) learn more conjunctions 3) sentences longer, more complex 4) difference between explanatory sentences (longer) and conversational sentences 5) refinement of noun and verb phrases

Question 39

what are four ways noun phrases develop syntactically in elementary school kids?

Answer 39

-Pronoun mastery -Adding modifiers -Adjective ordering -Distinction between mass/count nouns and quantifiers (many vs much, etc)

Question 40

individual types of nouns (ie cup, pencil, paper)

Answer 40

Count nouns

Question 41

non-individual/homogenous types of nouns (ie sugar, water, salt)

Answer 41

Mass nouns

Question 42

what elements of verb phrase development continue to develop in elementary school?

Answer 42

1) passive sentences (takes longer) 2) Clausal embedding and conjoining continue to develop 3) Causal, conditional, disjunctive and temporal conjunctions

Question 43

which develops faster in elementary school: noun phrase development or verb phrase development?

Answer 43

noun

Question 44

Metalinguistics start to show up at this age

Answer 44

elementary school

Question 45

Kids start to identify root words and derivational morphemes at this age

Answer 45

elementary school

Question 46

Kids start to make puns/riddles at this age

Answer 46

elementary school

Question 47

When does the rate of cognitive growth start to slow?

Answer 47

Adolescence

Question 48

Myelination gets completed at this age

Answer 48

early adulthood

Question 49

Dendritic pruning continues into this age

Answer 49

adolescence

Question 50

As children go into adolescence and beyond, their brain becomes ___ in accessing concepts

Answer 50

efficient/effective

Question 51

What linguistic declines are often seen in seniors?

Answer 51

1) trouble with syntactically complex sentences 2) trouble with inferences 3) cognitive overload or possibly working memory 4) ability to explain figurative expression 5) oral/written comprehension 6) trouble with recalling linguistic materials

Question 52

Seniors usually do not need cognitive decline in this area

Answer 52

comprehension of figurative language

Question 53

Hearing loss increases with age, especially between patients in their __ and patients in their __

Answer 53

70's; 80's

Question 54

people have trouble with word retrieval starting at this age

Answer 54

senior

Question 54

What happens to registers in adolescence and adulthood?

Answer 54

Registers increase, but infrequent registers start to disappear

Question 55

narrative skills decline around this age

Answer 55

late 70s

Question 56

sarcasm and jokes with double meaning can be seen at this age

Answer 56

high school

Question 57

altering the focus on a topic

Answer 57

Shading

Question 58

Genderlect starts at this age

Answer 58

mid-adolescence

Question 59

Gendered phoneme differences start as early as age __

Answer 59

6

Question 60

Adult definitions are more __ and __ than a child's

Answer 60

abstract; subjective (biased)

Question 61

In seniors, word ___ decreases, but the overall word ___ isn't lost in most cases

Answer 61

recall; knowledge

Question 62

Frequency of using non-specific word like ___ increases in seniors

Answer 62

seniors

Question 62

what is one reason seniors participate less in conversations?

Answer 62

hearing loss

Question 63

familiarity with idioms/proverbs is mastered at this age __

Answer 63

no specific age; gets better with age, also depends with experience

Question 64

Articulatory knowledge continues to increase in this time of life

Answer 64

adulthood

Question 65

Length and complexity of utterances stabilize around this time of life

Answer 65

middle age