Flashcards in L11 & 12: Organic Chemistry Deck (87):
1
Define heteroatom
Any atom that isn't carbon or hydrogen
2
What are some common heteroatoms?
Nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, iodine
3
Organic or inorganic? Oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
Inorganic
4
Organic or inorganic? Carbonates (Na2CO3)
Inorganic
5
Organic or inorganic? Bicarbonates (NaHCO3)
Inorganic
6
Organic or inorganic? Metal carbides (CaC2)
Inorganic
7
Organic or inorganic? Metal cyanides (KCN)
Inorganic
8
Define catenation
The linkage of atoms of a single element into longer chains
9
What type of bond is formed between 2 carbon atoms?
Covalent
10
Organic or inorganic? Composed of C, H, and few other elements
Organic
11
Organic or inorganic? Covalent bonding
Organic
12
Organic or inorganic? Generally low solubility in water; high solubility in non-polar solvents.
Organic
13
Organic or inorganic? Flammable
Organic
14
Organic or inorganic? Isomerism is common
Organic
15
Organic or inorganic? Chemical reactions occur between molecules - can be slower
Organic
16
Organic or inorganic? Classified into families based on functional groups; homologous series based on chain length
Organic
17
Organic or inorganic? Composed of all known elements
Inorganic
18
Organic or inorganic? Often ionic bonding
Inorganic
19
Organic or inorganic? High solubility in water; low solubility in non-polar solvents
Inorganic
20
Organic or inorganic? Non-flammable
Inorganic
21
Organic or inorganic? Isomers are less common (only in transition metal complexes)
Inorganic
22
Organic or inorganic? Chemical reactions occur between ions - usually fast and quantitative
Inorganic
23
Organic or inorganic? Classified as acid, base, or salt
Inorganic
24
Why is it difficult to synthesise organic reagents?
Organic reactions are less predictable and harder to reproduce
25
When drawing molecules, at what angles should you set the bonds?
120°
26
What do the missing bonds mean on molecular diagrams?
Carbon bonding to a H
27
If a material is derived from a plant, what kind of molecule will it be made of?
Sugars
28
If a material is derived from animals, what kind of molecule will it be made of?
Protein
29
What are the two stable isotopes of carbon?
12 & 13
30
Does carbon form strong or weak bonds?
Strong covalent bonds
31
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
Contains no C-C double or triple bonds; only single. E.g. alkanes
32
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Contains C-C double/triple bonds. E.g. alkenes, alkynes, aromatics
33
Saturated or unsaturated? Alkanes
Saturated
34
Saturated or unsaturated? Alkenes
Unsaturated
35
Saturated or unsaturated? Alkynes
Unsaturated
36
Saturated or unsaturated? Aromatics
Unsaturated
37
What is the simplest organic molecule?
Methane, CH4
38
What is the shape of methane?
Tetrahedral, 109.5° bonds
39
General formula CnH2n+2 is for...?
Alkanes (saturated, linear molecules)
40
CnH2n is for...?
Cycloalkanes (cyclic, saturated molecules)
41
Alkenes are [saturated/unsaturated]
Unsaturated
42
Alkynes are [saturated/unsaturated]
Unsaturated
43
Do saturated hydrocarbons have more or fewer hydrogen atoms per carbon than unsaturated?
Saturated hydrocarbons have more hydrogens per carbon atom
44
Are aromatics saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
45
What is specific about aromatics?
They have one or more benzene rings
46
What is a benzene ring?
Ring of 6 carbon atoms
47
Name an alkane with 1 carbon atom
Methane
48
Name an alkane with 2 carbon atoms
Ethane
49
Name an alkane with 3 carbon atoms
Propane
50
Name an alkane with 4 carbon atoms
Butane
51
Name an alkane with 5 carbon atoms
Pentane
52
Name an alkane with 6 carbon atoms
Hexane
53
Name an alkane with 7 carbon atoms
Heptane
54
Name an alkane with 8 carbon atoms
Octane
55
What is the first step in naming alkanes?
Find and name the longest carbon chain, called the parent chain
56
From which end do you number the carbons?
The end with the most proximal attached group/side chain
57
How do you name each group attached to a carbon chain?
Designate the carbon it is attached to, and then add the identity of the group (2-methyl, 3-chloro-)
58
How do you order the groups/side chains when naming alkanes?
Alphabetically
59
When naming isomers, what does n- mean?
Alkane is unbranched
60
When naming isomers, what does iso- mean?
Alkane contains (CH3)2CH- with no other branches
This is a single methyl group on carbon #2
61
When naming isomers, what does neo- mean?
Alkane contains (CH3)3CH- and no other branches
This is 2 methyl groups on carbon #2
62
What is a primary (1°) carbon?
A carbon bonded to one other carbon atom or one heteroatom
63
What is a secondary (2°) carbon?
A carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms
64
What is a tertiary (3°) carbon?
A carbon bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
65
What is a quaternary (4°) carbon?
A carbon bonded to four other carbon atoms
66
What are the three main types of organic compound?
1) Aliphatic
2) Aromatic
3) Heterocyclic
67
True or false: Aliphatic compounds are always acyclic
False. Some are cyclic. You can have saturated and unsaturated aliphatic chains. You can also have alicyclic rings.
68
What are the three main types of cyclic organic compound?
1) Alicyclic
2) Aromatic
3) Heterocyclic
69
True or false: Aromatic rings contain only unsaturated carbon atoms
True
70
What characterises a heterocyclic compound?
Contains a ring made up of carbon and at least one other element (such as N, S or O)
71
Which of the following are true of functional groups?
A) Gives its characteristic chemical properties
B) Acts as a site of chemical reactivity
C) Serves as the basis for nomenclature
D) Classifies its family
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
72
What is the most dominant functional group in a polyfunctional compound?
Carboxylic Acid
73
Rank these functional groups according to the order of preference in polyfunctional compounds (highest ranking first):
Esters
Nitro
Nitrile
Carboxylic Acid
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Halogens
Double bond
Triple bond
Ketones
Acid anhydrides
Acid halides
Amines
Amides
1) Carboxylic acid
2) Acid anhydrides
3) Esters
4) Acid halides
5) Amides
6) Nitriles
7) Aldehydes
8) Ketones
9) Alcohols
10) Amines
11) Double bonds
12) Triple bonds
13) Halogen
14) Nitro
74
True or false: Homologues are prepared by similar methods
True
75
What is linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)?
Orbitals combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) and molecular orbitals
76
True or false: Hybrid atomic orbitals are a combination of atomic orbitals from different atoms?
False. HAOs from by hybridising orbitals from the same atom. Molecular orbitals are a combination from different atoms
77
Fill in the gap:
sp3 hybridisation forms _____ bonds only
sigma
(although single bonds is also correct)
78
Fill in the gap:
sp2 hybridisation forms ___(1)___ sigma bond(s) and ___(2)___ pi bond(s).
(1) one
(2) one
79
Which functional families use sp2 hybridisation?
Alkenes, carbonyls and aromatic rings
80
What bonds are formed by sp hybridisation?
Triple bonds (one sigma and two pi).
81
Which functional families use sp hybridisation?
Alkynes and nitriles
82
sp3 orbitals are set at what angle to each other?
A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180
B) 109.5
83
sp2 orbitals are set at what angle to each other?
A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180
C) 120
84
sp orbitals are set at what angle to each other?
A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180
D) 180
85
How many groups can bond to C in sp hybridisation?
2
86
How many groups can bond the C in sp2 hybridisation?
3
87