L3+4 anatomy

Question 1

• forms the main trunk of the body

- made up of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Answer 1

Axial skeleton

Question 2

• surrounds and protects the brain
• consist of 8 bones
  1 frontal
  2 temporal
  2 parietal
  1 occipital
  1 sphenoid
  1 ethmoid

Answer 2

Neurocranuim

Question 3

- consists of 14 bones:
2 maxilla 
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 palatine
2 nasal
2 inferior
1 vomer
1 mandible

Answer 3

Viscerocranuim

Question 4

allows for enlargement of skull as brain growth occurs

-made up of membrane and cartilage, turns into bone after 18 months of age

Answer 4

Fontanels

Question 5

areas where cranial bones have jointed together

Answer 5

sutures

Question 6

openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Answer 6

Foramina

Question 7

2 fontanelles:

Answer 7

1-anterior

2-posterior

Question 8

4 sutures:

Answer 8

1-squamous
2-coronal
3-sagittal
4-lamboid

Question 9

composed of 33 vertebrae:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (all fused)
4 coccygeal (lower 3 are fused)

Answer 9

vertebral column

Question 10

pads of cartilage tissue that separate the vertebrae

• act as shock absorbers
• permit bending and twisting movement of the vertebral column

Answer 10

Intervertebral disks

Question 11

12 ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal side of the body:

a. ___ ribs: first 7 pairs- attach directly to the sternum
b. ___ ribs: next 5 pairs-first 3 attach to the cartilage of the rib above, last 2 are called floating ribs because they have no attachment in front of the body

Answer 11

a. True ribs

b. false ribs

Question 12

consists of 3 parts:
manubrium-upper region
gladiolus-body
xiphoid process-small piece of cartilage at bottom

Answer 12

Sternum

Question 13

• manubrium attached to ____

- ribs attach to the ____ to form a “cage” to protect the heart

Answer 13

• clavicle

- sternum

Question 14

• connects the upper limb to the trunk

- made up of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulas

Answer 14

pectoral girdle

Question 15

arm bone:
1- \_\_\_ upper arm
2-\_\_\_ lower arm of thumb side
3-\_\_\_ larger bone of lower arm
4-\_\_\_ 8 wrist bones
5-\_\_\_ -14- 3 on each finger and 2 on the thumb

Answer 15

1-humerus
2-radius
3-ulna
4-carpals
5-phalanges

Question 16

• connects between lower limb and vertebral column

- made up of 2 hip bones

Answer 16

Pelvic girdle (pelvis)

Question 17

where the hip bone join together on the ventral part of the body

Answer 17

symphysis pubis (catilage)

Question 18

hip bone-three parts:
1- ilium
2- ischium
3- pubis
____- socket that provides for the attachment of the femur
____-opening between the ischium and pubis to allow passage of nerve and blood vessels to and from legs

Answer 18

• Acetabulum

- Obturator foramen

Question 19

muscle tissue 4 characteristics:
1-excitability : can\_\_\_
2-contractility: can\_\_\_
3-extensibility: can\_\_\_
4-Elasticity: \_\_\_

Answer 19

1- receive and respond to stimulation
2-shorten and thicken
3-lengthen
4-after contracting or lengthening, it wants to return to its resting state

Question 20

• attached to bone
• function is movement of bone
• voluntary
• long and slender shaped
• striated light and dark bands
• many nuclei

Answer 20

Skeletal muscle

Question 21

• function is beating of heart
• involuntary
• branching shape
• striated
• one or two nuclei

Answer 21

Cardiac muscle

Question 22

• located in walls of internal organs+skin
• function is movement of internal organs
• involuntary
• spindle shape
• non-striated
• one nucleus

Answer 22

Smooth muscle

Question 23

• consists of filaments of actin and myosin

- responsible for contraction

Answer 23

Myofibrils

Question 24

muscles according to shape:
1-___: fascicles arranged in rings, surrounds body openings e.g eye opening+anus os
2-___: has a broad origin
3-___: in a parallel arrangement
3a. strap like the sartorius muscle of the thigh
3b. spindle like the biceps brachii of the arm
4-___: fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon, 3 forms: unipennate, Bipennate(opposite sides), Multi pennate (side by side)

Answer 24

1-Circular
2-convergent
3-Parallel
4-pennate

Question 25

usually the proximal attachment site

-fixed point(does not move)

Answer 25

Origin of muscle

Question 26

usually the distal attachment site

-movable point

Answer 26

insertion of muscle

Question 27

sites of intramuscular injection:
1-___: look out for sciatic nerve, given in butt
2-___: common site, upper arm 3 fingers width
3-___: right on top of the thigh (instead of butt for children)
4-___: outer thigh, in the middle

Answer 27

1-gluteal
2-deltoid
3-rectus femorus
4-vastis lateralis