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Respiratory Pharmacology > L3 - adaptive response > Flashcards

L3 - adaptive response Flashcards

1
Q

innate mechanisms

A

rapid response to a broad range of microbes

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2
Q

innate external defences

A

skin, mucus membranes and secretions

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3
Q

Innate internal defences

A

phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory responses and natural killer cells

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4
Q

Adaptive mechanisms

A

slower responses to specific microbes

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5
Q

Adaptive humeral responses

A

antibodies

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6
Q

adaptive cell-mediated response

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes

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7
Q

difference between innate and adaptive

A 
innate = cobstant
adaptive = for when there is a breach
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8
Q

Respiratory infections account for more than ?% of the global burden of human disease

A

6%

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9
Q

Adaptive immunity is a …

A

protective response to antigens from pathogens

but overactivity can cause excessive inflammation

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10
Q

Antigens

A

molecule usually made of proteins or carbs

capable of inducing an adaptive immune response

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11
Q

pathogens

A

covered in a myriad of unique antigens which are recognised as foreign

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12
Q

antigen-presenting cells are AKA…

A

aka dendritic cells!!

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13
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

raise the alarm, sends processes out to ‘taste’ the environment and phagocytose foreign material, process and present the antigen
then migrate to lymph nodes so T lymphocytes may recognise the antigen which activates them

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive effector cells

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15
Q

T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells

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16
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

killer cells

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17
Q

T helper cells

A

produce cytokines

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18
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

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19
Q

(3) properties of adaptive immune response

A

ability to mount specific responses to a huge range of pathogen-derived antigens
avoids reacting to self-antigens - self-tolerance
development of immunological memory

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20
Q

Constant region

A

anchors receptor to the cell (B or T)

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21
Q

Variable region

A

only acts with a specific antigen via lock and key method

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22
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

Subsequent exposure to an antigen during infection triggers lymphocyte proliferation with inaccurate DNA replication, generating further replication

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23
Q

DNA-encoding B and T cell receptors contain..

A

multiple different variable, diversity and joining segments

in every lymphocyte all but one of each region is deleted, the remaining segments are all linked together

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24
Q

VDJ recombination

A

variable-diversity-joining recombination

breakages do not occur when a region is deleted, therefore increasing diversity

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25
Q

When a receptor recognises an antigen…

A

the lymphocyte expressing the receptor is triggered to proliferate

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26
Q

Variable region DNA

A

is unstable and prone to mutation during rapid cycles of cell division therefore further diversity - somatic hypermutation again

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27
Q

Affinity maturation

A

clones recognising the antigen more effectively are selected to survive above those which bind less effectively

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28
Q

Immune tolerance

A

state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens that normally have the capacity to elicit an adaptive immune response

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29
Q

Tolerance can be..

A

to self and the foetus during pregnancy

can develop to pathogens through chronic infections and cancers

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30
Q

Failure to establish tolerance

A

can lead to autoimmune disease

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31
Q

B cells are from

A

bone marrow

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32
Q

T cells are from

A

thymus

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33
Q

Central tolerance

A

contains tissue specialist cells which display all our self antigens - cells which recognise self-antigens may undergo apoptosis which can lead to clonal deletion

34
Q

Tregs

A

T cells that react with self-antigens are deleted or develop into suppressor Tregs
Tregs migrate to peripheral lymph nodes and mediate periphery tolerance

35
Q

Tregs and tolerance

A

mediate periphery tolerance by preventing B and T cells emerging or proliferating if they recognise self

36
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

In lymph nodes, auto reactive clones escaping central tolerance are deleted or suppressed by Tregs

37
Q

Immunological memory

A

allows rapid immunological response on subsequent exposure

following activation a small proportion fo high affinity B and T cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells

38
Q

memory cells

A

distinguished from naive cells by an increased lifespan, faster stronger response to stimulation and high affinity receptors

39
Q

Memory cells location

A

reside in lymph nodes or tissues

40
Q

Antigen presentation form

A

APC ingests pathogen and presents it on surface with major histocompatibility complex, both must be recognised

41
Q

CD8 T cells

A

activated by recognising antigen and become cytotoxic

42
Q

CD4 T cells

A

Bind the antigen and MHC releases cytokine

differentiate into a range of T helper subtypes based on the cytokines

43
Q

Activated cytotoxic T cells

A

APCs activate these to kill the pathogen-infected or tumour cells by pore formation

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cell mehcanism

A

bind to infected cells and use perforin to make holes in the cell membrane, causing it to lyse –> kills them

45
Q

Defective cytotoxic T cell responses

A

increase viral infections and may promote cancer progression

46
Q

Th cell activation

A

cytokines activate different T cell transcription factors leading to differentiation into different Th cell subsets

47
Q

Th cell defects

A

leads to many opportunistic infections

48
Q

Th17

A

fungal

49
Q

Th2 and Tfh

A

help B cells - they can interact with antigens directly but most need input from th2 and Tfh cells

50
Q

activated B cells

A

proliferate and become antibody-producing B cells

antibody they produce is the same as the receptor, so recognises and binds the inciting antigen

51
Q

inmate plasma cells

A

express IgD and secrete low affinity IgM

52
Q

Isotope switching

A

where the variable antibody region is unchanged but becomes attached to a different constant region, altering its properties and increasing affinity

53
Q

IgM

A

used in initial early immune response

54
Q

IgG

A

secrets by plasma cells as they mature

55
Q

specialist lung and gut plasma cells

A

produce IgA antibody

56
Q

IgA antibody

A

works on mucosal surfaces in the gut and respiratory secretions

57
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptor

58
Q

IgE

A

binds mast cells and mediates allergic reactions

59
Q

neutralisation

A

antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin

60
Q

complement reaction

A

Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins so complement is activated

61
Q

Agglutination

A

antibody cross-links cells to form a clump

62
Q

Opsonization

A

Fc region fo antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis

63
Q

Variable region binds…

A

target antigen

64
Q

constant region interacts…

A

with effectors

65
Q

antibody for neutralising and agglutinating

A

IgM

66
Q

Antibody good at opsonising

A

IgG and IgA

67
Q

Vaccination

A

augments adaptive response to induce secondary responses and prevents infection

68
Q

Immune suppression

A

reduce the adaptive response

69
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Many applications in infection, inflammatory disease and malignant disease

70
Q

Adjuvants

A

used in vaccinations to enhance immunogenicity

71
Q

Booster vaccines

A

help to generate high affinity antibodies

72
Q

Influenza vaccine antigens

A

neurominidase and hemagluttin

73
Q

Influenza mutations

A

occur due to antigenic drift, occurs in all flu viruses

can reduce antibody affinity so affects proleration

74
Q

genetic reassortment

A

with viruses in can affect other specifics leading to pandemics

75
Q

Corticosteroids

A

modulate transcription and suppress both innate and immune responses with multiple side effects

76
Q

Antimetabolites

A

suppress DNA synthesis, mainly T cells e.g. methotrexate, purine analogues and Mycophenolate

77
Q

Methotrexate

A

Prevents folic acid synthesis

78
Q

Mycophenolate

A

inhibits guanosine synthesis

79
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors

A

prevent G0-G1 cell cycle progression

80
Q

MAB

A

engineered for specific targets
fuse myeloma cells with spleen cells immunised mice
can now be used using recombinant technology with viruses or yeast and make chimeric or even humanised to reduce allergic responses

81
Q

Presentation fo tumour antigen

A

with MHC and co-stimulation should lead to an activated T cell response

82
Q

Checkpoint receptors

A

expressed by T cells, tumours may express ligands to engage these checkpoints in order to inhibit the immune response

Respiratory Pharmacology (17 decks)

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