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Respiratory Pharmacology > L3 - adaptive response > Flashcards

L3 - adaptive response Flashcards

1
Q

innate mechanisms

A

rapid response to a broad range of microbes

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2
Q

innate external defences

A

skin, mucus membranes and secretions

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3
Q

Innate internal defences

A

phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory responses and natural killer cells

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4
Q

Adaptive mechanisms

A

slower responses to specific microbes

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5
Q

Adaptive humeral responses

A

antibodies

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6
Q

adaptive cell-mediated response

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes

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7
Q

difference between innate and adaptive

A 
innate = cobstant
adaptive = for when there is a breach
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8
Q

Respiratory infections account for more than ?% of the global burden of human disease

A

6%

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9
Q

Adaptive immunity is a …

A

protective response to antigens from pathogens

but overactivity can cause excessive inflammation

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10
Q

Antigens

A

molecule usually made of proteins or carbs

capable of inducing an adaptive immune response

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11
Q

pathogens

A

covered in a myriad of unique antigens which are recognised as foreign

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12
Q

antigen-presenting cells are AKA…

A

aka dendritic cells!!

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13
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

raise the alarm, sends processes out to ‘taste’ the environment and phagocytose foreign material, process and present the antigen
then migrate to lymph nodes so T lymphocytes may recognise the antigen which activates them

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive effector cells

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15
Q

T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells

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16
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

killer cells

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17
Q

T helper cells

A

produce cytokines

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18
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

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19
Q

(3) properties of adaptive immune response

A

ability to mount specific responses to a huge range of pathogen-derived antigens
avoids reacting to self-antigens - self-tolerance
development of immunological memory

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20
Q

Constant region

A

anchors receptor to the cell (B or T)

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21
Q

Variable region

A

only acts with a specific antigen via lock and key method

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22
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

Subsequent exposure to an antigen during infection triggers lymphocyte proliferation with inaccurate DNA replication, generating further replication

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23
Q

DNA-encoding B and T cell receptors contain..

A

multiple different variable, diversity and joining segments

in every lymphocyte all but one of each region is deleted, the remaining segments are all linked together

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24
Q

VDJ recombination

A

variable-diversity-joining recombination

breakages do not occur when a region is deleted, therefore increasing diversity

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25
When a receptor recognises an antigen...
the lymphocyte expressing the receptor is triggered to proliferate
26
Variable region DNA
is unstable and prone to mutation during rapid cycles of cell division therefore further diversity - somatic hypermutation again
27
Affinity maturation
clones recognising the antigen more effectively are selected to survive above those which bind less effectively
28
Immune tolerance
state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens that normally have the capacity to elicit an adaptive immune response
29
Tolerance can be..
to self and the foetus during pregnancy | can develop to pathogens through chronic infections and cancers
30
Failure to establish tolerance
can lead to autoimmune disease
31
B cells are from
bone marrow
32
T cells are from
thymus
33
Central tolerance
contains tissue specialist cells which display all our self antigens - cells which recognise self-antigens may undergo apoptosis which can lead to clonal deletion
34
Tregs
T cells that react with self-antigens are deleted or develop into suppressor Tregs Tregs migrate to peripheral lymph nodes and mediate periphery tolerance
35
Tregs and tolerance
mediate periphery tolerance by preventing B and T cells emerging or proliferating if they recognise self
36
Peripheral tolerance
In lymph nodes, auto reactive clones escaping central tolerance are deleted or suppressed by Tregs
37
Immunological memory
allows rapid immunological response on subsequent exposure | following activation a small proportion fo high affinity B and T cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells
38
memory cells
distinguished from naive cells by an increased lifespan, faster stronger response to stimulation and high affinity receptors
39
Memory cells location
reside in lymph nodes or tissues
40
Antigen presentation form
APC ingests pathogen and presents it on surface with major histocompatibility complex, both must be recognised
41
CD8 T cells
activated by recognising antigen and become cytotoxic
42
CD4 T cells
Bind the antigen and MHC releases cytokine | differentiate into a range of T helper subtypes based on the cytokines
43
Activated cytotoxic T cells
APCs activate these to kill the pathogen-infected or tumour cells by pore formation
44
Cytotoxic T cell mehcanism
bind to infected cells and use perforin to make holes in the cell membrane, causing it to lyse --> kills them
45
Defective cytotoxic T cell responses
increase viral infections and may promote cancer progression
46
Th cell activation
cytokines activate different T cell transcription factors leading to differentiation into different Th cell subsets
47
Th cell defects
leads to many opportunistic infections
48
Th17
fungal
49
Th2 and Tfh
help B cells - they can interact with antigens directly but most need input from th2 and Tfh cells
50
activated B cells
proliferate and become antibody-producing B cells | antibody they produce is the same as the receptor, so recognises and binds the inciting antigen
51
inmate plasma cells
express IgD and secrete low affinity IgM
52
Isotope switching
where the variable antibody region is unchanged but becomes attached to a different constant region, altering its properties and increasing affinity
53
IgM
used in initial early immune response
54
IgG
secrets by plasma cells as they mature
55
specialist lung and gut plasma cells
produce IgA antibody
56
IgA antibody
works on mucosal surfaces in the gut and respiratory secretions
57
IgD
B cell receptor
58
IgE
binds mast cells and mediates allergic reactions
59
neutralisation
antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin
60
complement reaction
Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins so complement is activated
61
Agglutination
antibody cross-links cells to form a clump
62
Opsonization
Fc region fo antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis
63
Variable region binds...
target antigen
64
constant region interacts...
with effectors
65
antibody for neutralising and agglutinating
IgM
66
Antibody good at opsonising
IgG and IgA
67
Vaccination
augments adaptive response to induce secondary responses and prevents infection
68
Immune suppression
reduce the adaptive response
69
Monoclonal antibodies
Many applications in infection, inflammatory disease and malignant disease
70
Adjuvants
used in vaccinations to enhance immunogenicity
71
Booster vaccines
help to generate high affinity antibodies
72
Influenza vaccine antigens
neurominidase and hemagluttin
73
Influenza mutations
occur due to antigenic drift, occurs in all flu viruses | can reduce antibody affinity so affects proleration
74
genetic reassortment
with viruses in can affect other specifics leading to pandemics
75
Corticosteroids
modulate transcription and suppress both innate and immune responses with multiple side effects
76
Antimetabolites
suppress DNA synthesis, mainly T cells e.g. methotrexate, purine analogues and Mycophenolate
77
Methotrexate
Prevents folic acid synthesis
78
Mycophenolate
inhibits guanosine synthesis
79
Calcineurin inhibitors
prevent G0-G1 cell cycle progression
80
MAB
engineered for specific targets fuse myeloma cells with spleen cells immunised mice can now be used using recombinant technology with viruses or yeast and make chimeric or even humanised to reduce allergic responses
81
Presentation fo tumour antigen
with MHC and co-stimulation should lead to an activated T cell response
82
Checkpoint receptors
expressed by T cells, tumours may express ligands to engage these checkpoints in order to inhibit the immune response

Respiratory Pharmacology (17 decks)

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