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Microbiology > Lab #1 > Flashcards

Lab #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

Protist (“first animals”)
Mostly heterotrophic and unicellular
Lack a rigid cellulose cell wall or a chitinous cell wall
Domain eukarya

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2
Q

Organisms that are Protozoa

A 
Diplomonads and parabasalids 
Euglenozoans 
Alveolates 
Stramenophiles 
Amoebozons
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3
Q

Diplomonads and parabasalids characteristics

A

Two nuclei
Organelles called mitosomes (reduced mitochondria)
Parabasalids contain a parabasal body that is associated with the Golgi apparatus; carry out anaerobic respiration, releasing hydrogen gas
Protozoa

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4
Q

An example of diplomonads and parabasalids

A

D: Giardia lamblia (causes giardiasis-diarrhea from drinking creek water)
P: Trichomonas vaginalis (sexually transmitted)

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5
Q

Euglenozoans characteristics

A

Unicellular
Contain a unique crystalline rod associated with their flagellum
Some are pathogens
Compromised of kinetoplatids and euglenids

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6
Q

Kinetoplastids characteristics and 3 examples

A 
Single large mitochondria that contains kinetoplast (a large mass of DNA) 
Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness) 
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease) 
Leishmania major (leishmaniasis)
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7
Q

Euglenids characteristics and an example

A

Either Heterotrophic or phototrophic bc they have chloroplasts
Nonpathigens
Primarily in aquatic habitats where many subsist on bacteria
Food is taken in by phagocytosis (cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the food and brings it into the cell for digestion)
Euglena

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8
Q

Alveolates characteristics

A

Contain sacs called alveoli (associate with the cytoplasmic membrane that may function in maintaining the osmotic balance of the cell)
Compromised of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans

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9
Q

Ciliates characteristics

A

Have two kinds of nuclei, micronuclei (genes function in sexual reproduction) and macronuclei (genes encoding for cellular functions)
Covered in cilia that function in motility and digestion

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10
Q

Examples ciliates

A

Paramecium-reproduce by conjugation (two cells fuse and exchange micronuclei)
Vorticella and Zoothamnium-can attach to solid surfaces
Stentor-pigmented blue
Blepharisma- pigmented pink
Paramecium busaria-pigmented green
Balantidium coli- intestinal pathogen

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11
Q

Dinoflagellates characteristics and example

A

Have two flagella at different lengths that cause the cell to whirl or spin
Some are bioluminescent
Produce “red tides” caused by xanthophyll in the cells
Gonyaulax produce saxitoxin (a neurotoxin) that causes dizziness, numbness of the lips, and difficulty breathing

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12
Q

Stramenophiles characteristics

A

Composed of oomycetes (water molds), the diatoms, the golden algae, and the multicellular paeophytes (which includes seaweed)
Unicellular
Short, hairlike flagella (where its name comes from)

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13
Q

Diatoms characteristics and an example

A

Phototrophic freshwater and marine organisms
Synthesize a cell wall composed of silica
External portion of the wall is called a frustule that remains after death and doesn’t decay (fossil)
Nitzschia is a common diatom

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14
Q

Golden algae characteristics and an example

A

Aka chrysophytes
Some are chemoorgantrophs (get food from the transport of organic compounds across the cytoplasmic membrane)
Two flagella get the gold color from a carotenoids called fucoxanthin
Dinobryon golden algae that occurs in fresh water

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15
Q

Amoeboza characteristics

A

In terrestrial and aquatic habitats

Composed of gymnamoebas, entamoebas, the slime molds, and the cellular slime molds

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16
Q

Gymnamoebas characteristics

A

Primarily free living

Move by extending pseudopodia and streaming the cell cytoplasm into the tip

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17
Q

Entamoebas characteristics and an example

A

Parasites
Entamoeaba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery; fecal contamination in water or food; causes ulceration in the intention

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18
Q

Algae characteristics

A 
Oxygen is photosynthesis 
Asexual and sexual 
Many have flagellum 
Members of the phytoplankton 
Symbiotic relationship with fungi called lichens 
Related genetically to other protist
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19
Q

Red and green algae characteristics

A

Belong to the rhodophytes and chlorophytes
May be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous
Agar is abstracted from the seaweed Gelidium, a red algae
Includes unicellular red algae and unicellular green algae

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20
Q

Unicellular red algae characteristics

A

May have one or more flagella
Contain chloroplast that carry out photosynthesis (have chlorophyll a but not b)
Also have phycobiliproteins which assist in harvesting light
Red coloration is due to the presence of phycoerythrin (one of the phycobiliproteins)

21
Q

Unicellular green algae characteristics and examples

A

Contain chlorophyll a and b
Store starch granules as a energy reserve
“Desmids”- a unique group of green algae who contain semi-cells: examples-Spirogyra and Desmidium
Chlamydomonas is an example of a unicellular green algae
Colonial forms of green algae include Pandorina, Eudorina, Gonium, and Volvox

22
Q

Cyanobacteria characteristics

A

First to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
Divided into 5 morphological groups
Lack an organized nucleus or chloroplast and don’t contain organelles (prokaryote)
Have phycobiliproteins which serve as light-harvesting molecules
Contain thylakoids (parallel arrays of stacked membranes)

23
Q

Fungi that form colonies composed of microscopic, rounded, intertwining filaments called hyphae

A

Mold

24
Q

Fungi are saphrophytes… what does that mean

A

Organism that obtain their nutritional needs from degreasing organic materials in the environment

25
Q

Fungi secrete this to break down polysaccharides and proteins into their monomeric components of sugars, peptides, and amino acids, which are utilized for nutrition

A

Exoenzyme

26
Q

Hyphae cover the surface of a substrate to form a branching, filamentous network called a what

A

Mycelium

27
Q

Fungi that do not ordinarily form hyphae

A

Yeasts

28
Q

When a bud doesn’t separate during bidding and makes a chain of cells

A

Pseudohyphae

29
Q

What does it mean if a pathogenic fungi is dimorphic

A

They occur as yeast cells and reproduce by budding, but form mycelia and typical sporulation structures when cultured onto nutrient media

30
Q

What are dermatophytes and give an example

A

Infect skin, hair, and nails in humans and causes disease such as athletes food and ring worm
Trichophyton

31
Q

Type of yeast that can infect the mouth and tongue, especially newborns, to cause thrush, causing the tissue to have a chalky appearance

A

Candida albicans

32
Q

A fungus that infects grain to produce ergot alkaloids that can cause hallucinations and death (Salem)

A

Claviceps

33
Q

A fungus that produces Roquefort and blue cheese when it grows

A

Penicillium

34
Q

Mushroom that humans can consume

A

Agaricus

35
Q

Close symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhizae

36
Q

Fungi form symbiotic associations with algae and Cyanobacteria called what

A

Lichens

37
Q

Types of asexual spores

A 
Sporangiospores 
Canidia 
Phialospores 
Blastoconidia 
Arthrospores
Chlamydospores
38
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Form within a thick-walled sac called a sporangium

Can either be motile or nonmotile

39
Q

Conidia

A

Nonmotile asexual spores that form on specialized hyphae called conidiophores
Includes phialospores, blastoconidia, arthrospores, and chlamydospores

40
Q

Phialospores

A

Produced on a vase- or flask-shaped cell called a phialide

Found in Penicillium and Gliocladium

41
Q

Blastoconidia

A

Present in some filamentous fungi and occur by budding in yeast cells
Cladosporium and Candida produce these

42
Q

Arthrospores

A

Form by the fragmentation and formation of cross-walls in preexisting hyphae
Occur in Geotrichum and Galactomyces

43
Q

Chlamydospores

A

Asexual, thick-walled spores that are round or irregular

Occur in most fungi and may function in survival

44
Q

Sexual spores

A

Zygospores
Ascospores
Basidiospores

45
Q

Zygospores

A

Formed by the fusion of genetic exchange between hyphae which have formed gametangia (specialized hyphae). The hyphae are genetically distinct. The common bread mold Rhizopus forms zygospores

46
Q

Ascospores

A

Haploid sexual spores formed in the interior of an oval or elongated structure called an ascus. Example- Chaetomium

47
Q

Basidiospores

A

Sexual haploid spores produced externally on a club-shaped basidium
Produced by mushrooms such as Agaricus campestris

48
Q

5 groups of fungi (divided based on genetic analysis of ribosomal RNA)

A 
Chytridiomycetes 
Zygomycetes 
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes 
Basidiomycetes
49
Q

Apicomplexans characteristics and examples

A

Obligate parasites in animals and humans
Cause of malaria (Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), and coccidiosis (Eimeria)
Produce resting stages called sporozoites that facilitate transmission of the pathogen
The cells contain structures called apicoplasts which are vestiges of chloroplasts that have degenerated
No photosynthetic pigments, but do have some genes that encode for fatty acid and heme synthesis

Microbiology (3 decks)

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