Lab 15 Flashcards by Sydney Coopland

The MAIN structural component of the urinary system

Kidneys

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Function in the elimination of nitrogenous wastes produced during cellular metabolism and in the elimination of a number of other materials, such as water and salt, that may be present in excess in the extracellular fluid

Kidneys

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Although the kidneys and the reproductive organs have no functions in common, they are often considered together as the ______________ because they are located in the same general body region and may share certain passages

Urogenital system

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The paired, bean-shaped kidneys are embedded in fat on the dorsal body wall. The kidneys are not suspended by a mesentery as are other abdominal organs and are covered by peritoneum only on the portion next to the abdominal cavity. Because of this fact, the kidneys are said to be _________

Retroperitoneal

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A slender _________, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves leave each kidney at the hilus.

Ureter

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The indented medial bored of the kidney

Hilus

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The base of the urinary bladder narrows into a duct called the _______ which continues through the pelvic canal to the exterior

Urethra

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The kidney is surrounded by 3 layers of tissue:

Renal fascia
Middle adipose capsule
Renal capsule

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A sheet of dense irregular connective tissue next to the kidney surface

Renal capsule

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Middle tissue layer of kidney:

Middle adipose capsule

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An outer thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Renal fascia

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These layers help to ________ the kidney from trauma and ________ it firmly in place

Protect; anchor

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When the kidney is sectioned, the ___________ can be seen as a light red superficial region, somewhat granular in appearance

Renal medulla

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Renal medulla contains cone-shaped masses called:

Renal pyramids

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The functional unit of the kidney is the ______ and the blood vessels it associates with

Nephron

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A nephron consists of a renal _______ and a renal _______.

Renal corpuscle; renal tubule

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A renal corpuscle is composed of:

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule

Glomerulus

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A double-walled invaginated sphere that is formed from the enlarged proximal end of the renal tubule

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule

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A tuft of capillary loops enclosed by the Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus

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The glomerulus differs from other capillary beds in the body in that its is fed by the _________ arteriole and is drained by the _________ arteriole

Afferent; efferent

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The coiled _______ convoluted tubule is located near to Bowman’s capsule

Proximal

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The tubule straightens and makes a hairpin turn called the _____________ (U-shaped loop) that has ascending and descending limbs

Loop of Henle

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The ascending limb of the tubule extends back into the cortex region where it merges into the _________ convoluted tubule, which then empties into the collecting duct

Distal

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Each collecting duct receives urine from many _______

Nephrons

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The collecting ducts run through the renal pyramids, giving them their __________ appearance

Striped

The efferent arteriole subdivides into the __________ capillaries, which intertwine and meander around the tubular system

Pertiubular capillaries

The efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons tend to not break into peritubular capillaries but instead form bundles of long vessels called the ____________ that parallel the loops of Henle

Vasa recta

Urine formed by the nephrons drains into collecting ducts, to a renal papilla at the base of a pyramid, into a _______ calyx, to a _______ calyx and into the ________

Minor; major; renal pelvis

Once the large ________ enters the kidney it eventually divides to form about 1 million tufts of capillaries (glomeruli within the nephrons of each kidney

Renal artery

Water, glucose, nitrogenous wastes such as urea, selected ions and other small substances pass through the filtration membrane, but the blood cells, proteins and macromolecules are retained in the blood. This process, which separates the materials on the basis of their size in relation to the pores of the filtration membrane, is known as:

Glomerular filtration

The filtrate that is formed then enters the __________

Renal tubule

Occurs as the filtrate flows through the renal tubules. This is a process which substances the body needs, such as glucose and water, reenter the blood from the filtrate. Begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule. Selectively reabsorbed.

Tubular reabsorption

The process by which substances enter the filtrate from the blood in the peritubular capillaries. This allows wastes and other materials, that were not passed into the filtrate during glomerular filtration to leave the body in the urine.

Tubular secretion

The kidneys also excrete varying amounts of H+ and OH- depending on the pH of the blood. Blood pH must be maintained at a constant level approximately ____ at all times

7.4

The volume of urine excreted and the amount of salt it contains are controlled by the ____________ hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH is produced in the __________ and secreted by the ________ pituitary gland

Hypothalamus; posterior

When the blood is diluted (as happens when large amounts of water are consumed), ADH production decreases and a large amount of _______ urine are produced

Dilute

When osmotic pressure ("saltiness") of blood increases, as occurs after drinking salt water or loss of fluid via bleeding or sweating, the production of AHD increases which stimulates ______________ to reabsorb water from the filtrate back into the body

Kidney tubules

Two major hormones released from the Islets of Langerhans:

Insulin | Glucagon

Produced by the adrenal gland cortex helps maintain the sodium and potassium concentration of the extracellular fluids. Its primary target is the distal parts of the kidney tubules, where it stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions and water, and promotes potassium excretion

Aldosterone

The secretions of the endocrine (“ductless”) glands are called

Hormones

Are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the bloodstream that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells in the body

Hormones

The tissue specifically influenced by a particular hormone is termed the _______ tissue and typically it is located distant from the site where the hormone is produced

Target tissue

The effects of hormones are not __________, but they are ____________ than those of the nervous system

Immediate; longer-lasting

The ____________ controls or influences most of the other endocrine glands.

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland, is about the size of a pea, is attached to the floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk. Has two major lobes:

Posterior lobe | Anterior lobe

Lobe composed of neural tissue

Posterior lobe

Six important hormones are secreted by the _________ pituitary gland

The secretion of the 6 hormones (from the anterior pituitary gland) is in turn regulated and controlled by releasing factors produced by the ____________

Hypothalamus

Six anterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 3. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 5. Growth Hormone (GH) 6. Prolactin (PRL)

Stimulates the thyroid gland:

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands:

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Controls the growth and functioning of the gonads. In women, it initiates the development of Graafian follicle in the ovary to maturation. The mature Graafian follicle will complete Meiosis I and start releasing estrogens. In men, initiates spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Promotes production of gonadal hormones. In women, it acts with FSH to cause maturation of Graafian follicle. It triggers ovulation and causes the formation of the corpus luteum. In men, acts on the Leydig cells in the testis, causing them to secrete testosterone.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Promotes growth of all the tissues in the body. Its major targets are the bones and skeletal muscles. Works with the pancreatic hormone, glucagon to increase blood glucose levels.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates the milk production of the mammary glands in lactating females. There is no known function in males.

Prolactin (PRL)

The __________ pituitary gland does not manufacture any hormones of its own, rather it is a storehouse for two hormones made in the hypothalamus

Posterior

Stored in posterior pituitary gland:

``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin ```

The posterior gland is not a ______ endocrine gland as it is only a storage area

“True”

Has several functions. It stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterus for the delivery of a bay at the end of a pregnancy. Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in lactating females. In males, plays a role in sexual arousal and affectionate behaviours.

Oxytocin

Two major hormones released from the Islets of Langerhans:

Insulin | Glucagon

LOWERS the blood glucose level, is released by BETA cells in the Islets. Converts glucose from the blood into muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, or into fat, thus lowering blood glucose levels

Insulin

RAISES the blood glucose level, is released by ALPHA cells in the Islets. Converts liver glycogen and simple fats into glucose, which is released into the blood, raising blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

The particular blood glucose level in your body is a ______ between these antagnostic hormones

Compromise

Results when insulin production is insufficient

Diabetes mellitus (Type I)

Results when insulin’s effectiveness or target tissues is reduced

Diabetes mellitus (Type II)

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by:

Posterior pituitary

Thyroxine and calcitonin are released by:

Thyroid gland

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by:

Adrenal medulla

Insulin and glucagon are released by:

Pancreatic islets

Aldosterone and cortisol are released by:

Adrenal cortex

Thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone are released by:

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling:

Oxytocin

Stimulates secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex:

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Increases reabsorption of sodium and water into blood:

Aldosterone

Increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate:

Thyroid Hormone

Stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion:

Luteinizing Hormone

Decreases blood glucose levels by transporting blood glucose into body cells:

Insulin

Stimulates production and secretion of milk:

Prolactin

Decreases water loss by increasing reabsorption of water into blood and decreasing urine output:

Antidiuretic Hormone

Funnel-shaped tube continuous with the ureter

Renal pelvis