Lab 2- Brain And Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Dura Mater

Answer 1

Most superficial.

periosteal layer and Meningeal layer

Question 2

How is it different than spinal Dura Mater?

Answer 2

There are two layers around the Dura Mater

Question 3

What is contained between the inner and outer layers of the Dura Mater?

Answer 3

Large collecting veins (sinuses)

Question 4

What are venous sinuses?

Answer 4

Large collecting veins

Question 5

What vessels to do the Venous sinuses drain into

Answer 5

Internal jugular veins

Question 6

Dural folds

Answer 6

Where meninges fold into brain

Question 7

Falx Cerebri

Answer 7

Projects between cerebral hemispheres and longitudinal fissure

Question 8

Name 2 dural sinuses located in this fold

Answer 8

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Question 9

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 9

Separates cerebrum from the cerebellum hemisphere

Question 10

Name the dural sinus located in this fold (tentorium cerebelli)

Answer 10

Transverse sinus

Question 11

Falx cerebelli

Answer 11

Divides cerebellar hemispheres

Question 12

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 12

Middle meningi layer

Question 13

What is between the arachnoid Mater and Pia mater (in the subarachnoid space)

Answer 13

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

Question 14

Pia Mater

Answer 14

Deepest layers

Attaches to brain by astrocytes

Question 15

What attaches the pia mater to the brain surface?

Answer 15

Astrocytes

Question 16

What is contained in the Pia Mater

Answer 16

Blood vessels

Question 17

What are the major functions of the Medeulla oblongata?

Answer 17

Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
Reflex center

Question 18

What is meant by decussation of pyramids?

Answer 18

Crossover point for the major motor tract.

Left cortex controls motor activity of right side of body.

Question 19

What are the major functions of the pons?

Answer 19

•Pneumotáxic and apneustic areas

-modify activity of respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata

Question 20

What are the major functions of the midbrain?

Answer 20

Auditory and visual reflexes

Question 21

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

Answer 21

Visual reflexes

Question 22

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

Answer 22

Auditory reflex

Question 23

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 23

Directs all sensory info and sends to correct part of the brain

Question 24

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

Hunger center
Thirst center
Regulates temperature

Question 25

What is the function of them mammillary bodies?

Answer 25

Olfactory reflexes

Question 26

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 26

Infundibulum

Question 27

What are the major functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 27

Coordination of movement Adjustment of postural muscles Sense of equilibrium

Question 28

How is the arrangement of white and gray matter different than in the spinal cord?

Answer 28

Spinal cord – gray matter is surrounded by white matter.

Question 29

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

Answer 29

Sub conscious control of skeletal muscle

Question 30

Frontal lobes

Answer 30

i. Precentral gyrus Motor Speech (usually left lobe) Personality

Question 31

Parietal lobes

Answer 31

i. Postcentral gyrus Sensation (except smell) Language

Question 32

Occipital lobe

Answer 32

Vision

Question 33

Temporal lobes

Answer 33

Hearing Smell Language

Question 34

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 34

Connected to brain primarily at the brainstem

Question 35

Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or central nervous system?

Answer 35

Peripheral

Question 36

What is meant by somatic motor?

Answer 36

Skeletal muscle

Question 37

What is meant by parasympathetic motor?

Answer 37

Smooth Cardiac Glands

Question 38

1 (I): olfactory nerve (most rostral) | S

Answer 38

Function: sensory, providing sense of smell Test: Being able to smell and identify things Symptoms: anosmia– Impaired sense of smell

Question 39

2 (II): optic nerve | A

Answer 39

Function: sensory, providing vision Tests: Visual acuity test, Visual field test, funduscopic exam Symptoms: loss of vision or blindness and visual field, peripheral or central.

Question 40

What crosses at the optic chiasm?

Answer 40

Fibers from medial half of each retina cross to opposite side of brain

Question 41

3 (III): oculomotor nerve | M

Answer 41

Function: motor- Voluntary eye movement Test: check pupil size, shape, equality. Pupillary reflex Check for symmetric eye movements Symptoms: drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing, and inability to move In certain directions.

Question 42

4 (IV): trochlear nerve | M

Answer 42

Function: somatomotor- voluntary Eye movements (superior oblique) Test: check for symmetric eye movements- patient holds head in a neutral position and follows an object held by examiner Symptoms: vertical diploplia (double vision) and inability to rotate Eye inferolaterally

Question 43

6 (VI): abducens nerve | B

Answer 43

Functions: somatomotor, voluntary Eye movements (lateral rectus) Test: check for symmetric Eye movements Symptoms: inability to rotate Eye laterally and at rest, Eye rotates medially because of unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle. Cannot move eyeball laterally beyond midpoint.

Question 44

Describe the pupillary reflex

Answer 44

Shine light in each eye and check for pupil constriction.

Question 45

What does consensual pupillary constriction mean?

Answer 45

When you shine a light in one eye, both eyes should still constrict.

Question 46

The afferent portion of the pupillary reflex involves cranial nerve __________.

Answer 46

Optic (2)

Question 47

The efferent portion of the pupillary reflects involves cranial nerve ______.

Answer 47

Oculomotor (3)

Question 48

5 (V): trigeminal nerve branches | M

Answer 48

1. Ophthalmic 2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular Function: - somatic motor (V3) to muscles of mastication. - sensory (V1-V3) to face and cornea. Test: Touch a wisp of cotton on the cornea and they should blank. Symptoms: Produces loss of sensation, impaired chewing, and loss of corneal reflex. -tic douloureux: severe, stabbing pain to one side of face.

Question 49

7 (VII): facial nerve branches | B

Answer 49

1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Mandibular 5. Cervical Function: - Somatomotor to muscles of facial expression. - parasympathetic (motor) to lacrimal and salivary glands. - special sensory taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue. Test: - test anterior 2/3 of tongue with substances like salt and vinegar. - test response to tear glands to ammonia fumes. - test motor functions by asking the subject to raise eyebrows, furrow brow, smile, etc... Symptoms: Bells palsy

Question 50

8 (VIII): Vestibulocochlear nerve | S

Answer 50

Function: - receptors in vestibular apparatus - sense of balance and equilibrium Test: Romberg test Symptoms: Vertigo, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus

Question 51

What does the Romberg test evaluate?

Answer 51

Balance

Question 52

Describe how to perform the Rhomberg test.

Answer 52

* patient stands with arms at side, feet together. * examiner stands close to prevent falls. * normal equals maintaining position for 20 seconds with minimal swaying.

Question 53

Describe how to interpret the Romberg test.

Answer 53

Any loss of balance is a failed test.

Question 54

9 (IX): glossopharyngeal nerve | B

Answer 54

Function: - somatomotor to muscle of pharynx - parasympathetic (motor) to salivary glands - provides control over swallowing, salvation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue. Test: -gag reflex: Touch each side of throat with tongue depressor. Symptoms: loss of bitter and sour taste, impaired swallowing, loss of gag reflex.

Question 55

10 (X): vagus nerve | B

Answer 55

Function: •Somatomotor to muscles of pharynx and larynx. •parasympathetic (motor) fibers of heart and other viscera. -Controls secretion of digestive fluids -Controls cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of viscera. • sensory to pharynx and larynx Test: vagus function- patient says “ahh” examiner observes for pallet elevation and symmetry. Symptoms: difficulty swallowing, hoarseness or loss of voice, fatal if both are severed.

Question 56

11 (XI): accessory nerve | M

Answer 56

Function: •spinal portion - somatomotor to trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid. Test: - shrug shoulders against resistance - turn head against resistance Symptoms: impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, head turned towards injured side

Question 57

12 (XII): hypoglossal nerve | M

Answer 57

Function: •somatomotor to tongue-tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing. Test: ask patient to stick tongue out. Symptoms: inability to produce tongue if both are damaged or deviation towards the injured side and Ispilateral atrophy if one side is damaged.