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BIO 141 Lab > Lab Chp. Four: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Lab Chp. Four: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system

A

skin and its accessory organs

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Thermoregulation (homeostatic regulation of body temperature)
  2. Cutaneous Sensations (pressure and temperature)
  3. Protection (Physical, chemical, and biological barrier)
  4. Excretion and absorption
  5. synthesis of vitamin D
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3
Q

keratinocytes

A

make keratin which forms a physical barrier

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4
Q

pigments

A

protection from harmful UV rays

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5
Q

lipids

A

insulation

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6
Q

calcitrol

A

active form of Vitamin D

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7
Q

why is the synthesis of vitamin d in the skin so important?

A

because it allows calcium to be metabolized

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8
Q

precursors to vitamin d are synthesized when the skin is exposed to ______

A

UV radiation

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9
Q

What are the two distinct layers of skin?

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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10
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • some principle cell types:
    a) keratinocytes
    b) melanocytes
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11
Q

keratinocyte

A

the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, constituting 90% of the cells found there.

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12
Q

melanocyte

A

are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin’s epidermis. produces pigment.

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13
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis, in order from top to bottom?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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14
Q

Stratum corneum

A

many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells; appear scaly and flattened; resists water loss, absorption, and abrasion

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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A

cells appear clea; nuclei, organelles, and plasma membranes no longer visible

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16
Q

stratum granulosum

A

three to five layers of flattened granular cells; contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

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17
Q

stratum spinosum

A

many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei; develop fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened in superficial portion

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18
Q

stratum basale

A

a single row of cuboidal or columnar cells; layer also includes melanocytes; frequent cell division; some cells become parts of more superficial layers

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19
Q

Apocrine sweat gland

A

becomes active at puberty

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20
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear

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21
Q

dermis

A

inner layer of skin

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22
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

responds to elevated body temperature

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23
Q

Epidermis

A

general name of entire superficial layer of skin

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24
Q

hair follicle

A

tubelike part that contains the root of hair

25
Q

keratin

A

hard protein of nails and hair

26
Q

melanin

A

epidermal pigment

27
Q

sebaceous gland

A

gland that secretes an oily substance

28
Q

sebum

A

an oily secretion that helps to waterproof the body surface

29
Q

stratum basale

A

cell division and the deepest layer of the epidermis

30
Q

stratum corneum

A

outermost layer of the epidermis

31
Q

What layer of the epidermis is not in most samples?

A

lucidum

32
Q

What makes up the dermis?

A

mostly connective tissue with collagen and ELASTIC FIBERS

33
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Regions

2. Reticular Regions

34
Q

Papillary Region (of dermis)

A
  • superficial portion has AREOLAR TISSUE with elastic fibers

- dermal papillae

35
Q

Reticular Region (of dermis)

A
  • deeper portion of dermis

- DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

36
Q

Functions of the epidermis:

A

acts as the body’s major barrier against the environment

37
Q

Functions of the dermis:

A

Holds most of the glands and nerve endings

-giving mechanical protection to the body from bumps and knocks; the collagen has an important role in this function
-providing oxygen and nutrients, via blood in the tiny vessels that run in the ground substance, to the living part of the epidermis
removing waste products of metabolism from the epidermis, which are also carried away in the blood
-providing shape and form to the body, by holding all its structures together
contributing to skin color, particularly in people with little melanin in the epidermis.
-Organs in the dermis have special functions of their own
regulation of body temperature through control of blood flow and sweating
skin sensations of touch, pain, heat and cold.

38
Q

At what point in development do the epidermal ridges (aka-fingerprints) form?

A

Form in the 3rd or 4th month of fetal development

39
Q

What do the accessory structures of the skin do?

A

-They function to protect the body and sweat glands regulate body temperature

40
Q

What accounts for the distribution and thickness of hair?

A

Genetics and hormones

41
Q

Where is hair found?

A

Not found on soles, palms, lips, nipples, external genitals

42
Q

Connects the dermis to the root sheath

A

arrector pili

43
Q

What are the four types of glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Eccrine Glands
  3. Apocrine sweat glands
  4. Ceruminous glands
44
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Secretes sebum

45
Q

Eccrine glands

A
  • release water based solution with salts

- aid in cooling the surface of a person

46
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A
  • produces protein and lipid rich secretions

- found in the axillary and groin regions

47
Q

Ceruminous glands

A
  • modified glands of the external ear

- secrete earwax/cerumen

48
Q

Where is the arrestor pili muscle located?

A

near the hair follicles of all mammals

49
Q

Which muscle tissue type is the arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

Frequent cell division occurs in the

A

stratum basale

51
Q

What fibers are associated with the dermis?

A

Elastic Fibers

52
Q

the hair follicle surrounds the ____

A

root

53
Q

Structure of the hair:

A
  • root

- shaft

54
Q

Both the root and shaft of the hair are compose of _____

A

epithelial cells that have become keratnized

55
Q

The hair follicle is composed of:

A
  • internal and external root sheath

- connective tissue root sheath

56
Q

What is at the base of each hair follicle?

A

bulb

57
Q

What does the hair papilla contain?

A

in the bulb. contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

58
Q

bulbs contain the hair papilla and what else?

A

a germinal layer of hair cells

BIO 141 Lab (10 decks)

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