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Flashcards in Lab Exam 1 Deck (90)
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1
Q

why is blue light preferable?

A

blue has the short wavelengths and it optimizes resolution

2
Q
  • removable lens at top of body (binocular) tube:usually 10x

- magnification

A

eyepiece (ocular)

3
Q
  • main cylindrical part

- holds oculars, conducts light from specimen

A

binocular (body) tube

4
Q
  • movable, usually circular plate at bottom of body tube

- holds objectives

A

nosepiece

5
Q
  • objective lens, usually 4x (red)

- magnification

A

scanning objective

6
Q
  • objective lens, usually 10x (yellow)

- magnification

A

low power objective

7
Q
  • objective lens, usually 40x (blue)

- magnification

A

high (dry) power pbjective

8
Q
  • objective lens usually 100x (white)

- magnification

A

oil immersion objective

9
Q
  • lens system located below stage opening

- concentrates and directs light through specimen

A

condenser

10
Q
  • behind condenser, below stage

- adjusts height of condenser

A

condenser adjustment knob

11
Q
  • platform upon which slides are placed

- specimen support

A

stage

12
Q
  • right side, below stage and in front of adjustment knobs

- move the mechanical stage forward/backward and side to side

A

coaxial stage controls

13
Q
  • located below stage with condenser unit, controlled with lever
  • regulates brightness/resolution vs contrast/range of focus
A

condenser aperture (iris) diaphragm

14
Q
  • back of scopes, below stage

- used for preliminary and course focusing

A

course focus adjust knob

15
Q
  • smaller knob centered on course adjustment knob

- for final or fine focusing

A

fine focus adjustment knob

16
Q
  • set in base of scope

- light source

A

lamp

17
Q
  • on right side of scope

- for adjusting the light intensity from the lamp

A

voltage control knob (rheostat)

18
Q
  • heavy, bottom portion on which instrument rests

- microscope support

A

base

19
Q

size of rbc

A

10μm

20
Q

resolving/resolution power of human eye and light microscope

A

human eye- 0.1mm

light microscope- 0.2 μm

21
Q

steps to focus a microscope

A

start with scanning objective

  • increase magnification 100x
  • focus towards you
  • which ever focuses first is at bottom on slide
22
Q

which is bigger: rbc or wbc?

A

wbc

23
Q

image seen through a compound light microscope is _______ and ____

A

upside down and backwards

24
Q

name the colored threads from top to bottom

A

yellow, red, blue

25
Q

three ways light hitting the specimen is adjusted

A

condenser, voltage control knob, iris diaphragm

26
Q

why is it important to have whatever you are observing centered, when you move to a lens with a higher magnification?

A

to keep specimen in the working field

27
Q

how does the working distance differ between the scanning lens and the oil immersion lens?

A
  • scanning lens has a gap between objective lens and slide

- oil immersion has a drop of oil that adheres to the objective lens and cannot move once they are touching

28
Q

the objective lenses are attached to the

A

eyepiece

29
Q

a microscope built with only one eye piece is known as a ___________ microscope

A

binocular

30
Q

Abbe equation for resolution

A

d= 0.5λ/n sin Θ

31
Q

Ideally a microscope should be ___________, hat is, the image should remain in focus when objective lenses are changed.

A

parfocal

32
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular
  • non photosynthetic
  • no cell wall
A

protozoa

33
Q

protozoans are primarily based on their means of

A

locomotion/motility

34
Q

four groups of protozoa’s we observed in lab

A

ciliates (Cilliophora), flagellates (Mastigophora), amoeba (Sarcodina), and nonmotile protozoa (Sporozoa)

35
Q

staining techniques are helpful for

A

increasing contract between mo’s, the environment and/or structures within mo’s

36
Q

dye that colors the food vacuoles of protozoa, facilitating observations of these organisms

A

vitachrome

37
Q

microscopes that are useful for observing clear images of unpigmented living cells

A

dark-field and phase contrast microscopes

38
Q

highly viscous solution added to slides to slow down mo’s

A

protoslo

39
Q

name of protozoans that feed on other organisms

A

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs

40
Q

advantages of using wet-mount preparations of MO’s

A

it allows seeing motility, easier to do/use, living specimens

41
Q

why is vaseline used when making wet mount?

A

creates a seal around MO’s, prevents MO from getting crushed and allows them to be motile

42
Q

three characteristics that protozoa and animal cells share

A

no cell walls, have mitochondria, non-photosynthetic

43
Q

distinguish between cysts and trophozoites

A
  • cysts are the inactive form of a protozoa

- trophozoites are actively growing form for protozoa

44
Q

orientated movement towards or away from a stimulus response to their enviornment

A

chemotaxis

45
Q

describe a protozoan pellicle

A

composed of plasma membrane and rigid protein layer beneath

46
Q

phylogenetic classification schemes frequently use 18s rRNA sequence data. Explain/discuss

A

Structure and function of MOs are similar but change structure over time. The 18s rRNA sequence data is used to determine how close or not closely related organisms are

47
Q

equation to covert F to C and C to F

A

C= 5/9(F-32)

F=9/5(C) + 32

48
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • oxygen producing photosynthic
  • lacks vascular system
A

algae

49
Q

where is algae found?

A

free living in aquatic and on moist surfaces

50
Q

advantages/disadvantages of hanging drop vs standard wet mounts

A
  • hanging drop is more complex but allow for long observation and remove pressure on the MO from the coverslip
  • Wet mount tends to dry out quick under microscope but is simpler to use
51
Q

3 common uses of diatomaceous earth

A
  • aquarium filters
  • abrasives (polish, tooth paste)
  • reflectiveness of road signs
52
Q

distinguish between Brownian motion and vital motion

A
  • brownian motion-wiggle and vibrating movement of atoms

- vital motion-random movement

53
Q

define the endosymbiotic theory in reference to the origin of chloroplasts

A

the ability to perform endocytosis, the engulfment of bacterial prey that weren’t digested will give the bacterial cell energy
chloroplast arose from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

54
Q

what are negative stains? And how are they useful for observing sheaths and capsules surrounding MOs

A

negative stains use acidic dyes to identify MO’s under a microscope. They have a negative charge and most MO’s have a negative surface, the dye is repelled and stains the back ground not MO. The MO is therefore not harmed and the sheath/capsule is still in place.

55
Q

which characteristics of euglena resemble a protozoan? an Alga?

A

they are like flagellated protozoa because they have no walls and complex growth factor requirements (require milk, peas…)

euglena have the same photosynthetic pigments as green algae and have chloroplasts

56
Q

green algea

A

Chlorophyta

57
Q

golden-brown algae and yellow green algae

A

Chrysophyta

58
Q

diatoms are algae in __________

A

Stramenophiles/Chrysophyta

59
Q

dinoflagellates are algae in ___________

A

Pyrrhophyta

60
Q

blue-green algae

A

cyanobacteria

61
Q

red algae

A

Rhodophyta

62
Q

contain phycobilliproteins as accessory pigments and store carbohydrate is glycogen

A

cyanobacteria

63
Q

sites of N2 fixation

A

heterocyst in cyanobacteria

64
Q

contrast between mo’s and the environment can be improved by

A

negative staining

65
Q

functions of sporangia formation in slime molds?

A

they produce/release spores that hatch onto other organisms and begin the life cycle

66
Q

What stage of the Physarum resemble molds? explain.

A

the plasmodium stage because a sclerotium is left behind until it is in a favorable environment to grow.

67
Q

what stage of the physarum resemble protozoa

A

The flagellated swarm cell because it develops a flagella coming out of one end of the cell.

68
Q

what roles do the slime molds play in nature? explain.

A

they creep along over moist . rotting logs, leaves and other organic matter, which it degrades.

69
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • spore bearing
  • non photosynthetic
  • absorbe nutrients
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • reproduce sexually and asexually
A

fungi

70
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • spore bearing
  • non photosynthetic
  • absorbe nutrients
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • reproduce sexually and asexually
A

fungi

71
Q

a sac-like structure whose contents are converted into spores

A

sporangium

72
Q

a multinucleate hyphae formed by repeat nuclear divisions not accompanied by cell division

A

coenocytic

73
Q

fungi that is able to switch back and forth between yeast form and filamentous form

A

dimorphism

74
Q

the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

A

mycelium

75
Q

why are Petri dishes incubated upside down

A

to prevent condensation

and lessens the risk that airborne particles will wattle in and contaminate the culture

76
Q

what are some similarities and differences between the sporangia produced by Rhizopus and those produced by Physarum?

A

rhizopus sporangia form on tips of hyphae and physarum sporangia form at tips of cytoplasmic streaming of plasmodium

77
Q

why do you think the stwo strains in Rhizopus are called plus and minus instead of male and female?

A

because there are no male and female parts of the strains

78
Q

what are the characteristics of potato dextrose agar that favor the growth of fungi, while inhibiting the growth of most bacteria?

A

The pda is composed of dehydrated potato infusion and high amount of carbohydrates that encourages fungal growth, The use of sterile acid to lower the ph of this medium to 3.5 +- 0.1 inhibits bacteria growth

79
Q

hyphae that are divided by cross walls (septa)

A

septate

80
Q

a sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus

A

ascospore

81
Q

cortical roots of plant cells that have been invaded by a fungi and produce a brached tree-like fungus inside the plant cell.

A

arbuscule

82
Q

the division Deuteromycota is no longer used in fungal classification. Explain

A

deuteromycota; imperfect fungi, are MO that are left behind because they do not reproduce or divide.

83
Q

name 2 human diseases caused by fungi belonging to the Ascomycota

A

Aspergillosis fumatas causes bronchopulmonary aspergillosis where fungus balls form in the lungs

-
Ergot, a disease brought on by ingesting rye infected with Claviceps purpurea

84
Q

flat worms

A

Platyhelminthes

85
Q

bilateral symmetry and a head and tail

A

Helminths

86
Q

two types of Platyhelminthes

A

flukes-trematodes

tapeworms-cestodes

87
Q

roundworms

A

Nematodes

88
Q

zygomycota group of fungi

A

Rhizopus sp and Mucor

89
Q

ascomycota group of fungi

A

Aspergillus sp and Penicillium sp

90
Q

glomeromycota group of fungi

A

Glomus sp