Lab identification terms Flashcards
1
Q
plane
A
- imaginary flat surface
- using 3 points in space to show anatomical relationships btwn structures
2
Q
median (mid sagittal) plane
A
- vertical
- passes through midline of body
- divides into left and right halves
3
Q
frontal plane
A
- passes longitudinally from side to side
- divides anterior and posterior
4
Q
transverse plane
A
- passes horizontally through body
- divides superior and inferior
5
Q
directional terms
A
- anterior/posterior
- superior (upper)/ inferior (lower)
- proximal (near limb)/ distal
- medial (near midline)/ lateral
- superficial/deep
6
Q
simple squamous epithelium
description
location
function
A
- description: single layer of flat cells with central nucleus
- location: inside blood vessels, heart, lines body cavities, alveoli
- function: diffusion, filtration, absorption, secretion
7
Q
simple cuboidal epithelium
description
location
function
A
- description: single layer of cube shaped cells with central nucleus
- location: ovaries, testes, kidney tubules, ducts of glands
- function: secretion, absorption
8
Q
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
description
location
function
A
- description: multiple layers
- location: lining mouth, ass, vagina, esophagus
- function: protection from abrasion, repels water and bacteria
9
Q
ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
description
location
function
A
- description: cilia on top level, single layer, all cells sit on basement membrane
- location: nasal cavity, trachea, fallopian tubes
- function: moves particles or fluid along top surface of cells
10
Q
transitional epithelium (stratified cuboidal)
A
- description: stratified, top layer cuboidal, when stretched becomes squamous, may have more than 1 nucleus
- location: urinary system
- function: permits expansion, protects from toxins
11
Q
loose connective tissue
description
location
function
A
- description: made of 3 fibers (elastic, reticular collagen)
- cells are fibroblasts
- macrophage engulf bacteria
- contains mast cell which produces heprin & histamine
- disorganized
- location: dermis-subcutaneous
- function: surrounds/supports organs, glands, muscles & nerves
12
Q
dense regular connective tissue
description
location
function
A
- description: parallel bundles of collagen fibers with fibroblasts in between
- connective tissues predominant cell
- location: tendons, ligaments
- function: elasticity (tensile strength) withstands great force
13
Q
adipose tissue
description
location
function
A
- description: has large fat droplet
- cytoplasm and nucleus pushed to outside of cell
- has collagen and elastic fibers
- jelly ground substance
- location: bone marrow (yellow), padding around organs, deep layers of sin
- function: energy reserve, support, protection, stores fat
14
Q
hyaline cartilage
description
location
function
A
- description:most abundant cartilage
- fine collagen fibers
- jelly ground substance
- chondrocyte in lacuna
- location: end of nose, fetal skeleton, surrounding joints, attach ribs to sternum
- function: fleiility, support, reinforcement, reduces friction
15
Q
special connective tissue
description
location
function
A
- description: liquid matrix (plasma)
- red blood cells in matrix with no nucleus
- white blood cells have nuclei + granules
- platelets
- location: blood stream
- function: WBC: immune, RBC: transpo xygen and CO2, platelet: blood clotting
16
Q
skeletal muscle
description
location
function
A
- description: long fibers
- striped (banded/striated)
- alternate dark and light stripes represent actin/myosin
- multiple nuclei
- voluntary
- location: muscles attached to skeleton
- function: posture, voluntary movements
17
Q
cardiac muscle
description
location
function
A
- description: striated
- cardiocytes
- hghly branched
- single nuclei
- intercalcated discs represent gap junctions
- location: heart
- function: pump blood, involuntary
18
Q
smooth (visceral) muscle
description
location
function
A
- description: non striated
- involuntary
- spindle shaped (fusiform)
- single nucleus
- location: walls of hollow organs
- function: propels substances along internal passage ways
19
Q
nervous tissue
description
location
function
A
- description: neuron
- large cell body
- 2 or 3 nuclei
- many mitochondria
- dendrites: recieve nerve impulses and bring to cell body
- axon transpos impulses to neuron, muscle or gland
- location: nervous system
- function: recieve and conduct nerve impulses, neuroglia protects an supports neurons
20
Q
sebaceous gland
A
produces sebum to keep hair water proof
21
Q
arrector pili muscle
A
smooth muscles in dermis
- cause goosebumps when contracted
22
Q
what kind of surface is the epidermis?
A
stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
23
Q
dermis
A
connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis
- consists of loose CT, collagen fibers, reticular fibers
24
Q
what layer does adipose tissue belong to?
A
deep beneath the skin (hypodermis)
- NOT skin
25
sudorifferous gland
produces sweat in dermis
* goes up through dermis in ducts and empties in sweat pores
26
lacunae
empty cavities
* osteocytes (mature bone) fills them
27
central canal
center of osteon
* contains blood vessels and nerves
28
osteocyte
mature bone site
* gets nutrients from central canal
29
osteon
functional unit of bone tissue
30
lamellae
rings of calcified matrix around central canal
31
canaliculi
small canal connecting osteocytes to each other and to central canal
32
perforating (volkman) canal
channel between neighboring osteons central canal
33
spongy bone
red and yellow bone marrow
34
compact bone
osteons
35
medullary cavity
found in shaft of bone
36
endosteum
lines the medullary cavity
37
epiphysis
end of extremity of the bone
38
diaphysis
shaft of the bone
39
periosteum
connective tissue covering the bone surface (external)
40
epiphyseal line
line by epiphysis
* represents bones growth center
41
fossa
bone depression
42
foramen
hole
43
fissure
narrow opening btwn adjacent parts of a bone
44
process
prominent projection on a bone
45
condyle
a process that forms an articulation (point of contact btwn bones)
46
head
condyle that is supported by a constricted portion of the bone
47
epicondyle
raised area above the condyle
48
facet
flat articular surface
49
axial skeleton
consists of bones arrange around the longitudinal axis of the body
50
suture
joins the 2 parietal bones
51
bones in the axial skeleton
80 total
* 8 cranial
* 14 facial
* 16 vertebrae
* 1 sternum
* 24 ribs
* 1 hyoid
* 6 ear ossicles
52
where are there more sweat glands, the wrist, the palm?
the palm
53
54
what happens to bones places in acid?
become fibrous feeling and flexible
55
what happens to bones heated under pressure?
they become brittle and break easily
56
What does acid remove from bones?
calcium salts and destroy periosteum
57
what does baking do to the bone?
dries out organic matrix
58
rickets disorder
symptoms
tx
similar to bones treated with acid
* caused by vitamin D deficiency (inadequate sun exposure)
* symptoms: restless sleep, bowlegged, scoliosis
* Tx: calcium intake, expose to sunlight
59
occipital bone
features
behind and low of skull
* features: occipital coondyle, foramen magnum
60
temporal bone
side of head (near temples)
* features: mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, mandibular fossa
61
zygomatic
zygomatic arch
62
mandible
lower jaw
* features: mental foramen (dots on lower jaw)
63
frontal
forehead area
64
parietal
back, top
65
sphenoid
side of head, underneath temporal lobe
66
maxilla
front part of roof of mouth
* contains upper row of teeth
67
palatine
back part of roof of mouth
68
lacrimal
next to nasal bone
* where glasses sit
69
nasal
nose
70
vomer
partition inside nose (top)
71
mastoid process
muscle attachment
72
styloid process
pointed muscle attachment
73
external acoustic meatus
hole btwn styloid process and mastoid process
74
hyoid
free floating bone that is POA for neck and tongue muscles
75
sinus
mucosa lined cavity that communicates with the nasal cavity
* lightens the skull
* resnating chambers for speech
* types
* frontal
* ethmoid
* sphenoid
* maxillary
76
vertebral column
spine
* 26 vertebrae
* 7 cervical
* 12 thoracic
* 5 lumbar
* 1 sacrum
* 1 coccyx
77
sternum
breast bone
78
body (centrum)
largest part of vertebrae
* disc sits on top and bottom
79
spinous process
stick out posterior
80
transverse process
stick out laterally
81
pedicle
attaches to body
82
vertebral arch
pedicle, transverse process, spinal canal, spinous process, articular facet, lamina
83
lamine
connects off spinous process to transverse process
84
intervertebral joints
4 per vertebrae
85
what are the holes in the transverse process?
cervical
86
thoracic
spinous process directed downwards
87
sternal angle
between manubrium and body (small raised point)
88
cervical vertebrae
top 7
89
thoracic vertebrae
middle 12
90
umbar vertebrae
bottom 5
91
sacrum vertebrae
second to last
92
coccyx
last vertebrae
93
atlas
dens of axis vertebrae articulates here
* shallow depression
* first vertebrae
* holds up head
94
axis
allows head rotatoin frm left to right
* "no"
95
manubrium
top of breast bone
* features: sternal angle, jugular notch (on top), clavicuar notch (next to jugular notch)
96
body
middle of breast bone
97
xiphoid process
lower appendage of breast bone
* for muscle attachment
98
left and right ribs
features: head, neck, tubercle to determine side of rib; head and neck in back, tubercle faces down
99
costal cartilage
cartilage connecting breast bone to rib
100
ribs 1-7
true ribs with their wn costal cartilage
101
ribs 8-12
false ribs
102
ribs 8-10
share costal cartilage with rib 7
* dont hae own cartilage to articulate with sternum
103
ribs 11-12
dont articulate with anything
104
ribs 2-9
articulates with 2 vertebrae (itself and 1 above)
105
ribs 1 and 10-12
articulates with only 1 vertebrae
* rib 1: 1st thoracic
* ribs 10-12: corresponding thoracic vertebrae
106
