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A&P II > Lab quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lab quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

microscopic structure of artery

A

thick tunica media and scalloped

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2
Q

microscopic structure of vein

A

thin tunica media and irregular shaped

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost tunic and thin tunic of capillaries, lines lumen of a vessel, single thin layer of endothelium, subendothelial layer and internal elastic membrane. close cells, cmooth blood vessel lining

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4
Q

tunica media

A

regulates blood vessel diameter and contains smooth muscle and elastin, regulates diameter of blood vessels

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5
Q

tunica externa

A

most superfiicial tunic and composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue, support and protection

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6
Q

Why are valves present in veins but not in arteries?

A

The high blood pressure in arteries propels the blood through them. The blood
pressure in veins is low and often the blood is flowing against gravity. Valves prevent backflow.

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7
Q

name two events occuring within the body that aid in venous returen

A

skeletal muscle “milking” action and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

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8
Q

Considering their functional differences, why do you think the walls of arteries are proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins?

A

arteries have to withstand high pressure and pressure changes while the veins are low pressure.

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9
Q

the arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two

A

brachiocephalic

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10
Q

the arteries supply the myocardium

A

coronary

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11
Q

two paired arteries serving the brain

A

internal carotid and vertebral

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12
Q

longest vein in the lower limb

A

great saphenous

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13
Q

artery on the dorsum of the foot

A

dorsalis pedis

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14
Q

main artery that serves the thigh muscles

A

deep artery of the thigh

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15
Q

supplies the diaphragm

A

phrenic

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16
Q

formed by the union of the radial and ulnar veins

A

brachial

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17
Q

two superficial veins of the arm

A

basilic and cephalic

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18
Q

artery serving the kidney

A

renal

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19
Q

veins draining the liver

A

hepatic

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20
Q

artery that supplies the distal half of the large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric

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21
Q

drains the pelvic organs

A

internal iliac

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22
Q

what the external iliac artery becomes on entry into the thigh

A

femoral

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23
Q

artery that branches into radial and ulnar arteries

A

brachial

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24
Q

supplies most of the small intestine

A

superior mesenteric

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25
Q

join to form the inferior vena cava

A

common iliac

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26
Q

an arterial trunk that has three major branches, which run to the liver, spleen, and stomach

A

celiac trunk

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27
Q

major artery serving the tissues external to the skull

A

external carotid

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28
Q

four veins serving the leg

A

anterior tibial, fibular, posterior tibial, great saphenous

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29
Q

artery generally used to take the pulse at the wrist

A

radial

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30
Q

What is the function of the cerebral arterial circle?

A

Provides alternative set of pathways for blood to reach the brain in case of arterial occlusion or impaired blood flow.

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31
Q

The anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise from the __________artery. They serve the _________ of the brain.

A

internal carotid, cerebrum

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32
Q

Trace the pathway of a drop of blood from the aorta to the left occipital lobe of the brain, noting all structures through which it flows.

A

aorta>subclavian artery>vertebral artery>basilar artery>posterior cerebral artery>occipital lobe

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33
Q

Drains tissues and return blood to the heart.

A

veins

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34
Q

True or false: gas exchange takes place between tissue cells and blood through capillary walls.

A

true

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35
Q

The largest artery of the body.

A

aorta

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36
Q

The largest branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.

A

superior mesenteric artery

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37
Q

The anterior tibial artery terminates with this artery which is often palpated in patients with the circulatory problems to determine the circulatory efficiency of the lower limb.

A

dorsalis pedi

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38
Q

Veins draining the head and upper extremities empty into the——

A

superior vena cava

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39
Q

located in the lower limb, this is the longest vein in the body

A

great saphenous

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40
Q

these veins drain the liver.

A

Hepatic veins

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41
Q

It’s function is to drain the digestive viscera and carry dissolved nutrients to the liver for processing.

A

hepatic portal circulation.

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42
Q

In the developing fetus, this carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.

A

umbilical vein.

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43
Q

Trace the pathway of oxygen gas molecules from the alveolus of the lung to the right ventricle of the heart. Name all the structures through which it passes. Circle the areas of gas exchanges.

A

alveolus > alveolar/capillary walls > l & r pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > systemic arteries > capillary beds of tissues > systemic veins > superior or inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle

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44
Q

most arteries of the adult body carry oxygen-rich blood, and the veins carry oxygen -poor blood. How does this differ in the pulmonary arteries and veins?

A

Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood and pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood.

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45
Q

How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? What condition is indicated by this anatomical differences?

A

Structurally, pulmonary arteries are more like veins. They have thin walls because the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure bed.

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46
Q

This brings blood with carbon dioxide and waste from the fetus to the placenta. It later becomes the medial umbilical ligament.

A

umbilical artery

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47
Q

This brings oxygen rich and nutrient rich blood to the fetus and later becomes the ligamentum teres.

A

umbilical vein

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48
Q

Carried blood through the fetal liver bypassing most of its tissue and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.

A

ductus venosus

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49
Q

bypasses fetal lungs by carrying blood from the pulmonary truck to aorta, becomes liagmentym arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus

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50
Q

shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium becomes the fossa ovalis

A

foramen ovale

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51
Q

Which organ serves as a respiratory/digestive.excretory organ for the fetus?

A

placenta

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52
Q

What is the source of blood carried to the hepatic portal system?

A

blood drained from the digestive viscera

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53
Q

Why is this blood carried to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation?

A

The blood contains nutrients and the liver maintains proper blood concentrations of carious nutrients, sugars, proteins and it has phagocytes to clean the blood.

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54
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of

A

the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric veins.

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55
Q

The splenic vein carries blood from

A

the spleen, parts of the pancreas and the stomach.

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56
Q

The superior mesenteric vein drains the

A

small intestine, part of the large intestine and the stomach.

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57
Q

The inferior mesenteric vein emptys into the splenic vein and drains the

A

distal portion of the large intestine and rectum.

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58
Q

Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed through on the way.

A

Capillaries of small intestine > superior mesenteric vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein > inferior vena cava > right atrium.

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59
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

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60
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

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61
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete heart beat during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax.

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62
Q

When are the av valves closed during the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular systole

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63
Q

What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open in the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure.

64
Q

When are the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?

A

during relaxation of the whole heart and atrial contraction.

65
Q

What event causes the semilunar valves to open?

A

when ventricular pressure is greater than pressure in the great arteries.

66
Q

are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cardiac cycle?

A

Yes, right after atrial contraction and ventricular systole

67
Q

Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cardiac cycle?

A

no

68
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart the highest and lowest?

A

ventricular systole is highest and ventricular diastole is lowest.

69
Q

What events results in the pressure deflection called the dicrotic notch?

A

closure of the aortic valves raises aortic pressure briefly as backflowing blood rebounds off of the closed valves cusps.

70
Q

The length of the normal cardiac cycle

A

0.8 sec

71
Q

the time interval of atrial contraction

A

0.1 sec

72
Q

the qiuescent period

A

0.4 sec

73
Q

the time interval of ventricular contraction

A

0.3 sec

74
Q

If the individual’s heart rate is 80 beats/min, what is the length of the cardiac cycle?

A

.75 sec

75
Q

What portion of the cardiac cycle decreases with a more rapid heart rate?

A

quiescent period (ventricular relaxation)

76
Q

What two factors promote the movement of blood through the heart?

A

systole and diastole of the heart and the valves opening and closing.

77
Q

The two monosyllables describing the heart sounds are

A

lub-dub

78
Q

The first heart sound is a result of closure of the

A

atrioventricular valves

79
Q

The second heart sound is a result of closure of the

A

semilunar valves.

80
Q

The heart chambers that have been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the

A

ventricles

81
Q

The chambers that have just emptied when you heart the first heart sound are the

A

atria

82
Q

Immediately after the second heart sound, both the ____ and _____ are filling with blood

A

atria and ventricles

83
Q

The graph illustrating the pressure and volume changed during one heartbeat id call the

A

cardiac cycle.

84
Q

T or F

When ventricular systole begins, intraventricular pressure increases rapidly, closing the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

A

True

85
Q

The average heart beats approximately _____ times per minute.

A

75

86
Q

Abnormal heart sounds called ____ can indicated valve problems.

A

murmurs

87
Q

The term ____ refers to the alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.

A

pulse

88
Q

The pulse is most often taken at the lateral aspect of the wrist, just above the thumb, by compressing the

A

radial artery.

89
Q

Device used to measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer.

90
Q

In reporting a blood pressure of 120/90, which number represents the diastolic pressure?

A

90

91
Q

Characteristic sounds that indicate the resumption of blood flow to the artery being occluded when taking blood pressure

A

sounds of korotkoff

92
Q

Placement of stethoscope for sounds of closure of the tricuspid valve

A

right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

93
Q

Placement of stethoscope for sounds of closure of the aortic valve

A

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

94
Q

placement of stehoscope for sounds of apical heartbeat

A

5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle

95
Q

Which valve is heard most clearly when the apical heartbeat is auscultated?

A

mitral valve(biscuspid)

96
Q

Give an example of how abnormal sounds might be used to diagnose a heart problem

A

A swishing sound following closure of a valve can indicate a valve issue or a high pitched screeching can indicate constricted or stenosed valves.

97
Q

Alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.

A

pulse

98
Q

Describe the procedure used to take the pulse.

A

Placing 2 or 3 fingertips over an artery, first compress the artery firmly and then ease up on pressure.

99
Q

artery palpated at the wrist

A

radial

100
Q

artery palpated in front of the ear

A

temporal

101
Q

artery palpated on the dorsum of the foot

A

dorsalis pedis

102
Q

artery palpated on the side of the neck

A

common carotid

103
Q

pressure point to stop bleeding in the thigh

A

femoral

104
Q

pressure point to stop bleeding in the forearm

A

brachial

105
Q

pressure point to stop bleeding in the calf

A

popliteal

106
Q

pressure point to stop bleeding in the thumb

A

radial

107
Q

How could you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous?

A

how quickly the blood is coming out of the body.

108
Q

You may sometimes observe a slight difference between the value obtained from an apical pulse (beats/min) and that from an arterial pulse taken elsewhere on the body. What is this difference called?

A

pulse deficit

109
Q

The pressure that blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls.

A

blood pressure

110
Q

Phase of cardiac cycle during systolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction

111
Q

phase of cardiac cycle during diastolic pressure

A

pressure during ventricular relaxation

112
Q

What is the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory medthod of determining blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

113
Q

What are the sounds of Korotkoff?

A

Sounds that indicate the resumption of blood flow in the forearm.

114
Q

What causes the systolic sound?

A

fast moving blood over a partially block artery

115
Q

What causes the disappearance of the sound?

A

the blood flowing freely.

116
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

117
Q

Why is the pulse pressure measurement important?

A

indicates the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole, a narrowed pulse pressure may indicate disorders of the heart.

118
Q

Explain why pulse pressure is different from pulse rate

A

pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure and the pulse rate is the pressure surges per minute.

119
Q

How do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures? Why?

A

Venous pressures are lower because the veins are far from the pumping of the heart.

120
Q

What maneuver to increase the thoracic pressure illustrates the effect of external factors on venous pressure? And how is this performed?

A

The valsalva maneuver. Take a deep breath, then mimic the motions of forcibly exhaling without actually exhaling.

121
Q

What might an abnormal increase in venous pressure indicate?

A

Heart failure. With the heart unable to effectively pump blood, it pools in the lower extremities and increases venous pressure.

122
Q

The major role of the respiratory system is to

A

supply the blood with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

123
Q

T or F
Four processes - pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration - must all occur in order for the respiratory system to function fully.

A

True

124
Q

The upper respiratory structures include the nose, larynx and the

A

pharynx.

125
Q

Which cartilage is the largest and most prominent of the laryngeal cartilages?

A

thyroid cartilage

126
Q

T or F
The epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow food: it closes off the respiratory passageway to incoming food or drink.

A

True

127
Q

Air flows from the larynx to the trachea, and then enters the:

A

left and right main bronchi.

128
Q

What is the lining of the trachea which propels dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs?

A

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

129
Q

T or F

All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls.

A

True

130
Q

These are tiny balloonlike structures, composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium. They are the main structural and functional units of the lung and the actual sites of gas exchange.

A

Alveoli

131
Q

Fissures divide the lungs into lobes, three on the right and ____ on the left

A

two.

132
Q

Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)?

A

Inferior vocal fold

133
Q

forms the adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

134
Q

shaped like a ring

A

cricoid cartilage

135
Q

vocal cord attachment

A

arytenoid

136
Q

a “lid” for the larynx

A

epiglottis

137
Q

Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?

A

Prevents it from collapsing due to pressure changes while breathing

138
Q

Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

A

Keeps this part of the wall flexible to allow passage of food as it is swallowed.

139
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing.

140
Q

Name two functions of the nasal conchae

A

filter, warm and moisten incoming air and a resonance chamber for voice production.

141
Q

Which of the main bronchi is longer? Larger in diameter? more horizontal? Which more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?

A

longer is left, larger is right, and more horizontal is left and the right more often traps foreign objects.

142
Q

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs.

A

nostrils > nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx> trachea > primary bronchus > tertiary/secondary bronchi >bronchiole> respiratory bronchiole > alveolar duct > alveolar sac > across alveolar /capillary walls.

143
Q

connects the larynx to the main bronchi

A

trachea

144
Q

includes terminal and respiratory as subtypes

A

bronchiole

145
Q

food passageway posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

146
Q

covers the glottis during swallowing of food

A

epiglottis

147
Q

contains the vocal cords

A

larynx

148
Q

nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

A

phrenic nerve

149
Q

pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

A

parietal pleura

150
Q

site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

A

alveolus

151
Q

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

pharyngotympatic tube

152
Q

contains opening between the vocal folds

A

glottis

153
Q

increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

A

conchae

154
Q

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

palate

155
Q

What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as the anatomical dead space? And why?

A

all respiratory passageways except the respiratory membrane, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, etc..
Because no gas exchange occurs except in the respiratory zone.

156
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells.

A&P II (7 decks)

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