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VET 2050 SP 23 > Laboratory Procedures > Flashcards

Laboratory Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

PH, Aciduric and Alkaluric…

A

PH: This is the measurement of H+ ions. As they increase the H+, PH decrease and as they decrease the H+ the PH increases
Aciduric: Increased H+
Alkaluric: Decreased H+
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371

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2
Q

Pyuria

A

Increased # of leukocytes in the urinary tract
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

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3
Q

Azotemia

A

This is the increased number of nitrogenous waste in the blood. This is many times a renal azotemia where it from impaired kidney function
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

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4
Q

Bun and creatine normal levels

A

Bun: 5-20
Creatine: 0.6-1.6
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

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5
Q

How often should the instruments be calibrated?

A

Every 6 months or for troubleshooting
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 367

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6
Q

What crystals are commonly found in the urine of healthy dogs and cats?

A

Struvites, calcium phosphate, and calcium oxalate

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

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7
Q

What crystals are commonly found in horse urine?

A

Calcium carbonate

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

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8
Q

Glycosuria is typically seen with what disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 372

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9
Q

Isosthenuria is what USG and may indicate what?

A

USG 1.008-1.012
May indicate renal dysfunction

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371

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10
Q

ELISA serologic test uses what technique?

A

The test detects the blood’s antibodies against a specific antigen using an enzyme-labeled assay.

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 368

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11
Q

How can you distinguish hematuria from hemoglobinuria?

A

Spin down the sample in a centrifuge - red blood cells will settle at the bottom of the tube, whereas hemoglobin will remain suspended in the solution

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 370

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12
Q

Which casts on urinalysis are always considered abnormal?

A

Cellular, waxy, and fatty casts

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

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13
Q

How is lipemia (on serum analysis) characterized?

A

Increased turbidity of the sample ranging from haziness to a milky appearance

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 366

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14
Q

What are patient variables that may affect sample quality?

A

Age, breed, and diet

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

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15
Q

If the patients life stage and disease state allow, how long should dogs and cats be fasted before obtaining samples to avoid lipemia that may occur after a meal?

A

12 hours

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

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16
Q

If USG is less than 1.008 what does this indicate?

A

Kidneys are functioning well and can actively dilute urine.

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

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17
Q

USG in the range of 1.008-1.012 is considered what?

A

Isothenuric

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

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18
Q

Why should the PH be measured shortly after collection?

A

When urine stands, Ph increases as a result of loss of CO2

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

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19
Q

Should normal urine contain glucose?

A

NO!

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:372

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20
Q

What does the refractometer provide when examining plasma?

A

-Plasma protein concentration
Student #4 BE, Pg 372

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21
Q

Rouleaux vs. agglutination? How to decipher between the two? Species that commonly present with rouleaux?

A

-Rouleaux the stacking of RBC’s (Always present in felines and equines)
-Agglutination is irregular clumping of RBC’s (most common in canines W/IMHA)
-Saline dispersion test is effective on Rouleaux but not agglutination
Student #4, BE, Pg 375

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22
Q

What are the components within the microhematocrit tube after centrifugation?

A

-Plasma (upper portion)
-Buffy coat (middle portion consisting of WBC’s and platelets)
-Packed RBC’s (lower portion)
Student #4, BE, Pg 370

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23
Q

If bilirubin is detected in this species urine, it indicates disease. What species am I?

A

Cat

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition Page:372

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24
Q

What does left shift indicate?

A

-Increased number of circulating band neutrophils, baby RBC being released from bone marrow prematurely to meet demand.
Student #4, BE, Pg. 383

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25
What information should be provided to a pathologist when submitting cytology?
-The labeled specimen should be submitted with the patient’s species, age, sex, a brief history, relevant physical findings, previous diagnostics and therapies, differential diagnoses, and site from which the sample was collected. Student #4, BE, Pg 388
26
What is a CBC (complete blood count)?
A test to evaluate peripheral blood typically includes packed cell volume, a red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, RBC indices, a platelet count, a white blood cell (WBC) count, and a WBC differential. Student # 10 AJ McCurnins 10th edition page 368
27
What does packed cell volume mean?
Packed cell volume is the percentage of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood. Student # 10 AJ McCurins 10th edition page 369
28
How do you read an HCT?
Using a critocap chart. you place the bottom of the packed cells at zero and move it until the top of the plasma layer is at 100 and then you record the number that the buffy coat is at. Student # 10 AJ McCurins 10th edition page 370
29
What is another name for a codocytes?
A target cell McCurins 10th edition Student # 10 AJ
30
What is a spherocyte?
A red blood cell that lacks a central zone of pallor and appears slightly smaller and denser than an RBC. Student # 10 AJ McCurins 10th edition page 378
31
What animal has spuriously high measured albumin compared with total protein because of enhanced dye binding?
Rabbits Student #2 vc McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365
32
Normal serum from dogs and cats looks like what vs normal serum from horses and ruminants?
Dogs and cats have clear and colorless serum Horses and ruminants have light yellow serum Student #2 vc McCurnin 10th ed. pg 366
33
True or False? The chemistry panel is a direct measure of an individual organ or cellular function.
False Student #2 vc McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364
34
What constituent deteriorates if a UA sample is exposed to ultraviolet light?
Bilirubin Student #2 vc McCurnin 10th ed. pg 369
35
Electrolyte disturbances can result from altered function of what parts of the body?
GI tract, kidney, skin and endocrine system Student #2 vc McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365
36
What does the increase of ALT, and AST in dogs and cats may indicate?
Hepatocellular damage Student #14 SP McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364
37
What are the collection methods for getting urine sample?
Free catch, cystocentesis, catheterization, or collection from the floor or cage. Student #14 Sp McCurnin 10th ed. pg 369
38
What does it mean if urine is red tinted?
It indicates that there is prescence of RBCs in the urine (hematuria) Student #14 sp McCurnin 10th ed. pg 370
39
Dark yellow, yellow brown, or yellow green color in the urine can all indicate what in the urine?
Bilirubin Student #14 Sp McCurnin 10th ed. pg 76
40
If pH is less than 7 is it aciduric or alkaluric?
Aciduric Student #14 Sp McCurnin 10th ed. pg 371
41
What is the most ideal urine collection method?
Cystocentesis and it will be the most sterile. #19 MW McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369
42
What is an increased number of casts on a UA referred to as?
Cylinduria #19 MW McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373
43
What are some common interference's found on a chemistry panel?
Hemolysis, lipemia and icterus. #19 MW McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364
44
What test can help distinguish between prerenal and renal azotemia?
Urine specific gravity (USG) #19 MW McCurnin 19th ed. pg. 364
45
If an animal has excitement induced hyperglycemia what should happen to glucose levels when the animal is no longer stressed?
They should drop back to normal. #19 MW McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364
46
What factors can inadvertently cause hemolysis?
Difficult venipuncture, excessive pressure on syringe, rough transfer of blood or vigorous mixing. #19 MW McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365
47
What may calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine indicate?
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity. #13 KM McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 375
48
Cloudy urine is normal for which species?
Horses (due to calcium carbonate crystals) and rabbits (due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals). #13 KM McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371
49
Preanalytical factors vs. analytical factors
Preanalytical factors that affect the quality of test results include the pre-collection, collection, sample handling, processing, and shipping. Analytical factors are those that affect the performance of the biochemical assays including the analyzer and other equipment. #13 KM McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365-366
50
How should serum samples be processed?
After collection, the tube should be set upright (vertical) for 15-30 minutes at room temp to properly clot, then be centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000-2000g to separate the serum. #13 KM McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365
51
What would be the ideal order of filling the following tubes with blood: purple-top EDTA, red-top for serum, and blue-top sodium citrate?
Red-top first followed by blue-top sodium citrate, then purple-top EDTA to avoid contamination of serum with anticoagulants. #13 KM McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365
52
How can contamination be lessened when collecting urine via free catch?
Contamination may be lessened by catching urine midstream. Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 369
53
How soon should a urine sample be examined after collection?
Ideally within 30 minutes. Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 369
54
Why does Glycosuria occur?
Glycosuria occurs if glucose if glucose in the glomerular ultrafiltrate exceeds that ability the renal tubules to reabsorb the glucose. Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 372
55
Leukocytes and RBC can occasionally be seen in a urine sample. What are the normal numbers to see depending on the sample collection method?
Voided: 0-8 per HPF Catheterized: 0-5 per HPF Cystocentesis: 0-3 per HPF Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg 373
56
RBC may ____ in very dilute urine, or may ____ in highly concentrated urine
Lyse; shrink Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg 373
57
Advantage of using heparinized samples
Both hematology and chemistry data can be obtained from a single tube Student # 18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 394
58
What color tube contains Lithium Heparin?
Green top tubes Student # 18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 394
59
If your refractometer is functioning properly, distilled water should read an SG of what?
1.00 Student #18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg.399
60
When viewing a urine sample under the microscope, what do you look for using x100 magnification?
x100 magnification (low power field) is used to identify and enumerate casts, and look for presence of crystals, cells, sperm, mucus, and lipid droplets. Student#18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 400
61
How do normal transitional epithelial cells appear in the microscopic examination of a UA?
Normal transitional epithelial cells (often present when urine is collected through catheterization) appear singularly (not clumped together) Student #18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 401
62
What is the measurement of renal function?
Blood Urea Nitrogen Student #16 ER McCurnin 10th Edition pg 393
63
Why should heparinized plasma or serum be removed from the clot as soon as possible?
To prevent inaccurate results Student #16 ER McCurnin 10th Edition pg 394
64
What does a SNAP 4Dx test screen for?
Heartworms, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Ehrlichia canis/Ehrlichia ewingii, and Anaplasma phagocytophyilum/ Anaplasma platys. Student #16 ER McCurnin 10th Edition pg 397
65
How is a cystocentesis performed?
Inserting a needle attached to a syringe through the ventral body wall directly into the urinary bladder. Student #16 ER McCurnin 10th Edition pg 398
66
What can cause an increase of albumin to develop?
Dehydration Student #16 ER McCurnin 10th Edition pg 393
67
Which method of sample collection is most likely to contain contaminants? Which is least likely?
Most likely: Free/voided catch Least likely: Cystocentesis #5 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg 398
68
Define anisocytosis and list possible reasons for its occurrence.
Variation in RBC size; may be due to regenerative anemia or iron deficiency anemia #5 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg 377
69
Which white blood cells are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Agranulocytes: Monocytes and lymphocytes #5 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg 381
70
Are segmented or banded neutrophils more mature?
Segmented #5 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg 383
71
What conditions may cause mast cells to be seen on a blood smear?
Inflammatory disease or mast cell tumors #5 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg 384
72
To distinguish Prerenal Azotemia, BUN and Creat must be interpreted in conjunction with _______ and a concurrent _______?
Blank #1 Patient hydration status Blank #2 USG #1, MA McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364
73
Why is QC essential? What is a QC system designed for?
Q1 For laboratories to produce accurate and reliable results Q2 Detecting problems before test results are reported #1, MA McCurnin 10th ed. pg 367
74
What can alter the number and type of cellular elements?
The collection method #1, MA McCurnin 10th ed. pg 372
75
Squamous cells originate from the urethra, vagina, or prepuce. Therefore, it would be abnormal to see squamous cells in which form of urinary collection?
Cystocentesis #1, MA McCurnin 10th ed. pg 372
76
Crystalluria vs Cylindruria?
Crystals in the urine vs increased number of casts in the urine #1, MA McCurnin 10th ed. pg 373
77
What is the maximum storage time of urine at a refrigerated temperature?
6-24 hours Student #9 KJ McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369
78
Ideally, how soon should urine be analyzed after collection?
30 minutes. Student #9 KJ McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369
79
What is the serum protein normally found in the highest concentration?
Albumin Student #9 KJ McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365
80
What can be prevented if you fill all blood collection tubes with the appropriate blood volume?
Iatrogenic dilution errors Student #9 KJ McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365
81
How do Heinz bodies occur?
Heinz bodies occur with oxidative damage to the hemoglobin in RBCs #15 HP McCurnin 9th ed, pg. 378
82
What can indicate lead toxicity in a blood smear?
Basophilic stippling #15 HP McCurnin 9th ed, pg. 380
83
Babesia is most often found in what species?
Babesia is most commonly found in dogs. #15 HP MeCurnin 9th ed, pg. 381
84
How are controls important for QC?
Controls are used to monitor the performance of a test to ensure that the instrument and/or test procedure is working correctly. #12 JL McCurnin 10th ed, pg.367
85
Define alkaluric
A pH above 7 (decreased H+) #12 JL McCurnin 10th ed, pg.371
86
What is the renal threshold for blood glucose levels?
180 mg/dL for dogs, 300 mg/dL for cats, 100 mg/dL for horses/cattle #12 JL McCurnin 10th ed, pg. 372
87
Where does bilirubin come from?
Bilirubin results from the metabolism of hemoglobin and is normally excreted in bile. #12 JL McCurnin 10th ed, pg.372
88
Low Power Field vs. High Power Field
LPF: x100 magnification HPF: x400 magnification #12 JL McCurnin 10th ed, pg.372
89
What is the calculation for RBC indices?
MCV(fl)= (HCT% x 10) / (RBC count x 10^12/ L) #15 HP McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 371
90
What is the normal urine pH for carnivores (dogs/cats)?
A normal pH for carnivores is between 5.0 to 7.5. #15 HP McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 399
91
Metabolic disease that is characterized by increased lipid or impaired carbohydrate metabolism
Ketosis Student #7, HHS McCurnin 10th edition, pg:372
92
When microscopically evaluating urine samples, what can be seen using HPF (x400 magnification)?
RBCs, leukocytes, epithelial cells, microorganisms, and crystals Student #7, HHS McCurnin 10th edition, pg:372
93
Which casts are considered normal?
Small numbers of hyaline and granular casts. Student #7, HHS McCurnin 10th edition, pg:373
94
What can cause alterations to the serum electrolytes and enzymes?
Cellular leakage, hemolysis, and lysis are causes of alterations Student #7, HHS McCurnin 10th edition, pg:365
95
What does a positive antibody test indicate?
Exposure to a disease-causing agent, but not always indicative of a current infection. Student #7, HHS McCurnin 10th edition, pg:368
96
What are casts?
Casts are trapped cells/debris with protein. They form in the distal renal tubules. Student #17 TSR McCurnin 10th edition Page 373
97
How soon do Ketones in the urine need to be chemically analyzed?
Immediately. Exposure to air will alter the ketone concentration. Student #17 TSR McCurnin 10th edition Page 372
98
True or False? Is a urine sample directly from the fridge viable?
False. Student #17 TSR McCurnin 10th edition Page 371
99
How long can a urine sample sit in the fridge before testing and still be viable?
24 hrs Student #17 TSR McCurnin 10th edition Page 371
100
What happens to glucose in serum when it sits for longer than 1 hr?
Glucose will decrease (it gets used by cells). Student #17 TSR McCurnin 10th edition Page 365

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