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Cognitive Psychology > Language 1 > Flashcards

Language 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do we prepare what we’re going to say before we say it? What evidence is there to support this?

A

Speech onset is LONGER when the sentence is more ADVANCED

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2
Q

Evidence from speech errors suggest that we plan…

A

Out a whole phrase before slotting words into it

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3
Q

Neural network

What is largely based on neural networks?

A

Models of speech

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4
Q

Models of speech are largely based on…

A

Neural networks

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5
Q

_____ represent groups of neurons firing in response to stimuli

A

Nodes

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6
Q

Activation of nodes spreads across the network once we have surpassed the…

A

Threshold of activation

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7
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Distinct unit of sound i.e. p, b

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8
Q

The letter ‘B’ is an example of…

A

A phoneme

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9
Q

What is a grapheme?

A

Letter/number of letters representing a sound, i.e. ea, ph

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10
Q

What is lexis?

A

Complete set of words

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11
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence

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12
Q

The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.

What is this?

A

Syntax

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13
Q

The sound ‘ai’ is an example of…

A

A grapheme

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14
Q

What is morphology?

A

The structure of words, i.e. suffixes, prefixes

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15
Q

Can graphemes be represented by more than one phoneme?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Individual phonemes combine to create…

A

Syllables

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17
Q

The model is a cascaded, interactive model of speech production.

What model is the above description referring to?

A

Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory

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18
Q

The Spreading Activation Theory is a ______, _____ model of speech production

A

Cascaded, interactive

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19
Q

A cascaded model is where information flows downwards in a

A

Progressive fashion

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20
Q

An interactive model is where

A

Occurs at the same time across all levels (parallel)

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21
Q

What are the 4 levels of Dell’s Spreading Activation theory?

A

Semantic
Syntactic
Morphological
Phoneme

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22
Q

Which of the following (2) is NOT a level of Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory?

A 
Semantic 
Orthographic 
Syntactic 
Morphological 
Phoneme 
Lexical
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23
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

When a node (word) is activated, activation spreads to other related words

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24
Q

Dell’s Model predicts that speech errors occur because…

A

Incorrect item is sometimes activated more than correct item

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25
Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of semantics or phonology should result in...
Higher error rate
26
Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of ____ or_____ should result in a higher error rate
Semantics | Phonology
27
(DELL) | Items that overlap in terms of semantic or phonology should result in a higher error rate as __________
Numerous nodes activated at same time
28
What are two pieces of evidence in support of Dell's Spreading Activation Theory?
1) Ferreira & Griffin | 2) Speech errors
29
In support of Spreading Activation Theory, | Ferreira and Griffin found that pps...
Could inhibit match to say priest | Could not inhibit nun and say priest
30
What are two pieces of evidence against the Spreading Activation Theory?
1) Phonological interference effects EXPECTED but not found | 2) Supportive research also supports other models
31
WEAVER stands for
Word-form encoding by activation and verification
32
Word-form encoding by activation and verification | What model is this?
WEAVER by Levelt
33
It is a feed-forward, top-down discrete model. What model is this description referring to?
WEAVER - Levelt
34
Which of the models is top-down & discrete?
Levelt's WEAVER
35
What does top-down, discrete model mean?
One process must be completed before progression onto the next
36
What are the 3 main levels of WEAVER?
Lexical concepts Lemmas Morphemes
37
What are the two main differences between Levelt's and Dell's model?
1) Cascaded vs discrete | 2) Addition of lemma stage
38
Which level of Levelt's model depends on competitive processes?
Lexical selection
39
Does Spreading Activation occur in Levelt's model? If so, at which stage?
Yes - lexical selection stage
40
At what level of Levelt's model are inhibitory signals sent out?
Lemma stage
41
What happens at the Lemma stage of Levelt's model, which prevents us from making speech errors?
Inhibitory signals 'checking mechanism'
42
Why aren't speech errors possible at the Lemma level?
Only one word activated at this level | 'Checking mechanism'
43
According to Levelt's model, speech errors are only really possible for...
Concepts very closely related so both viable for selection/processing
44
What are the 5 stages one goes through according to Levelt's model of speech production?
1) Concept selected 2) Lemma 3) Morphological 4) Phonological 5) Articulation
45
What are the two pieces of evidence for Levelt's WEAVER model?
1) Wheeldon & Monsell | 2) TOT states
46
What evidence did Wheeldon & Monsell find in support of Level'ts WEAVER model?
RTs slower for semantically related words than unrelated
47
What are TOT states?
Tip of tongue | When you know a word but can't quite articulate it
48
How do Italian speaker TOT states provide evidence for Levelt's model?
Couldn't quite articulate word | But knew the grammatical gender
49
Italian speaker TOT provides strong evidence for which stage of Levelt's model?
Lemma stage
50
If Levelt's model is discrete/top down, ________ processing should only occur for items that have been selected, not 'non target' information
Phonological
51
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Levelt would say...
There'd be no difference in RT
52
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Dell would say...
Phonology activated for both word forms | RT would be quicker
53
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. It was found that...
Phonologically related RTs = faster
54
Is there evidence for the Lemma?
Yes
55
Japanese Kanji is an example of a
Logographic system (symbols represent words)
56
Which of the following are not a building block of language? Semantics Speech hesitations Syntax Morphology
Speech hesitations
57
A single unit of sound
Phoneme
58
A unit in a writing system
Grapheme
59
1 grapheme is represented by more than 1 phoneme 1 grapheme can be represented by more than 1 phoneme Which is true?
1 grapheme CAN BE represented by more than 1 phoneme
60
In spreading activation model, semantically related items...
Will be activated
61
What do hesitations in the onset of speech say about speech?
Difficulty in speech planning process
62
What is a semantic substitution error?
Correct word replaced by word of similar meaning
63
4 Levels of Dell's Spreading Activation theory
Semantic Syntax Morphology Phoneme
64
What does the syntax level of Dell's model involve
Grammatical structure
65
What does the semantic level of Dell's model involve
Meaning/planning
66
Dell's Model Generally cascades down the model but is ______ and can be ____ ____ _____
Interactive Up or down
67
According to Dell's model, why do speech errors occur in terms of activation?
1) incorrect word more activated | 2) both activated equally = blend errors?
68
Does Ferreira and Griffins nun/priest study support or go against Dell's Spreading Activation theory?
Supports
69
Ferreria and Griffins nun/none/priest study show that semantically and...
Phonologically related items are all active at the same time
70
Lowest level of Levelts WEAVER?
Morpheme/phonological level
71
Which level is selected first for Levelt's WEAVER model
Lexical concepts/selection level
72
Levelt assumes that speech errors occur because more than one...
Lexical unit may be selected at the lexical selection level
73
Is Levelt's model interactive or non interactive?
Not interactive
74
According to Dell, are speech production processes flexible or not very flexible?
Very flexible
75
According to LEVELT, processing of items which are semantically similar will be _______
Inhibitive
76
TOT state Semantic processing successful, we activate correct lemma but....
Phonological processing is unsuccessful (we cannot produce sound)
77
Italian speakers did/did not know the grammatical gender of the word +/but not the specific morpheme or phoneme
DID know grammatical gender But not specific morpheme or phoneme
78
Evidence for AND against for Levelt's TOT Lemma state?
Italian speakers vs German
79
What kind of words did Harley and Brown argue the TOT state generally tends to occur with?
Words that don't sound similar to other words e.g. apron
80
Levelt predicted phonological similarity should/should not affect processing of competing items
should not
81
Self monitoring evidence
Speakers often correct themselves before producing incorrect word

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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