Language 2

Question 1

Reading is a _________ process

Answer 1

Multifaceted

Question 2

Each language has its own conventional writing system called

Answer 2

Orthography

Question 3

The conventional writing system, found in every language is called its

Answer 3

Orthography

Question 4

What is orthography?

Answer 4

Conventional writing system found in every language

Question 5

What is a transparent writing system?

Answer 5

Spelling of each word maps directly onto its pronunciation e.g. Finnish

Question 6

English has an _______ writing system, containing ______ and ______ words

Answer 6

Opaque

Regular, Irregular

Question 7

The processes required to facilitate reading a sentence are (5)

Answer 7

1) Orthography
2) Phonology
3) Semantics
4) Syntax
5) Discourse integration

Question 8

What is the computational, cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud?

Answer 8

Dual-Route Cascaded Model

Question 9

What is the Dual Route Cascaded mode?

Answer 9

A parallel model of visual word recognition and reading aloud

Question 10

The DRC predicts there are two routes through which we read…

Answer 10

1) Lexical route

2) Non lexical route

Question 11

What does the lexical route of the DRC predict?

Answer 11

Activate a whole-word representation from the mental database

Question 12

What does the non-lexical route of the DRC predict?

Answer 12

Words are ‘sounded out’ - graphemes into phonemes

Build a phonological representation

Question 13

The irregular word ‘Pint’ cannot follow the lexical route/non-lexical route

Answer 13

Non-lexical

Question 14

What are 3 benefits of the DRC?

Answer 14

+ Clear account of disordered reading
+ Imaging evidence
+ Can explain dyslexia

Question 15

What does imaging evidence tells about the DRC?

Answer 15

Provides evidence of different routes of processing

Question 16

The system accesses lexical items (visual word recognition) based on....(4)
V
L
C
P

Answer 16

Visual input
Lexical characteristics
Context
Prediction

Question 17

Are written word recognition impacted temporally?

Answer 17

No - do not have to wait for a word to ‘unfold’

Question 18

Why can skilled readers recognise words quicker than non words?

Answer 18

We already have the real word stored in our mental lexicon

Question 19

A non-word would need to be ______ letter by letter.

Answer 19

Decoded

Question 20

Real words can be read out _____ than pseudo-homophones

Answer 20

Faster

Question 21

Real words can be read out faster than ___________

Answer 21

Pseudohomophones

Question 22

Real words can be read out faster than pseudo homophones. What is this extra evidence for?

Answer 22

Pre-existing orthographical lexicon

Question 23

Which words are processed and read quicker, by skilled readers?

Answer 23

High frequency words

Question 24

RT time is faster for high frequency words, whereas RT is slower for…

Answer 24

Low frequency words

Pseudohomophones

Question 25

What is neighbourhood density?

Answer 25

Number of words phonologically/orthographically similar to another word

Question 26

It is most commonly calculated by deleting or substituting a single sound in a word. ^What is this referring to?^

Answer 26

Neighbourhood density

Question 27

Sentences are likely to bias towards one meaning or another, with __________ meanings and __________ meanings

Answer 27

Dominant | Subordinate

Question 28

Does context always shorten RTs?

Answer 28

No, not if the sentence is incongruent with the word

Question 29

(Context) ___ significance difference in RT when sentences are biased towards subordinate/dominant meaning

Answer 29

No

Question 30

How does the DRC predict an individual learns to read?

Answer 30

1) Words initially decoded non-lexically | 2) Orthographic lexicon gradually built up

Question 31

What is the Self Teaching Hypothesis?

Answer 31

SHARE - children learn to read by teaching themselves

Question 32

According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, how do children learn to read?

Answer 32

Convert graphemes into phonemes | Develop orthographic representations

Question 33

According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, is much external help required?

Answer 33

No - children mainly teach themselves

Question 34

What are the three pieces of evidence in support of Share's Self-Teaching Hypothesis?

Answer 34

1) Akunia study 2) Evidence of self teaching 3) Evidence - phonological recoding critical to development of representations

Question 35

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis Akunia study What was the method?

Answer 35

Stories read aloud to children containing target word Tested on ability to recognise word from list

Question 36

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis Akunia study What were the results?

Answer 36

Children could accurately pick out target word, not affected by incorrect/homophonic spelling

Question 37

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis Akunia study What do the results suggest?

Answer 37

Children had built up their own orthographic lexicon