Language

Question 1

The mental lexicon is a repository of information about words that includes

S…………………. and S……………………….

information, as well as the details of word forms.

Answer 1

Semantic

Syntactic

Question 2

Semantic information describes

M……………… of the W……………..;

syntactic information describes how words are

C…………………. to form a S……………………;

words forms describe information about how words are spelled and their

S……………….. P……………………

Answer 2

Meaning

World

combined

Sentence

Sound Patterns

Question 3

Word representations can be either

O………………………. (vision based) or

P………………………. (sound based).

Answer 3

Orthographic

Phonological

Question 4

Collins and Loftus proposed one very influential model in which word meanings are represented in a

S…………………. N……………………..

where words, represented by

C……………….. N……………….,

are connected with each other.

Answer 4

Semantic Network

onceptual Nodes

Question 5

W…………………….

and here colleagues used data from their patients who had language difficulties isolated to living things (as opposed to man-made objects) to theorize about the organization of

S………………… I…………………….

Answer 5

Warrington

Semantic Information

Question 6

On the basis of work with lesion patients, Damasio and her colleagues similarly proposed that the brain’s

C…………………

networks involve several neuronal structures in the

L…… and R…….. hemispheres.

These conceptual networks are connected to the lexical networks in the left temporal lobe and might contain specialized information for

P……………..,

A………………….,

or T………………….

Answer 6

Conceptual

Left

Right

Persons

Animals

Tools

Question 7

A P……………………

is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning.

Answer 7

Phoneme

Question 8

The sound of phonemes in spoken words is influenced

by V………………..,

the P………………. of articulation,

and the M……………….. of articulation.

Answer 8

Voicing

Point

Manner

Question 9

The P……………. of S………………….

is the rhythm and the pitch of the speaker’s voice.

Answer 9

Prosody Speech

Question 10

S…………… C………………………

involves the superior temporal cortex. People with damage to this area have pure word

D…………………..

Answer 10

Sound Comprehension

Deafness

Question 11

A M………………………

is the smallest unit of language that has meaning.

Answer 11

Morpheme

Question 12

Written-word processing takes place in

O……………………….. regions

of the left hemisphere. Damage to this area can cause

pure A…………….,

a condition in which patients cannot

R…………. W……………..,

even though other aspects of language are

N…………………

Answer 12

Occipitotemporal

Alexia

Read Words

Normal

Question 13

The main components of word recognition are

lexical A…………………,

lexical S…………………,

and lexical I……………………….

Answer 13

Access

Selection

Integration

Question 14

Lexical access is the process by which

P………………. I…………….

activate word information in the mental lexicon, including

S………………… and S…………………..

information about the word.

Answer 14

Perceptual Inputs

Semantic

Syntactic

Question 15

In lexical selection of the activated word form representations, the one that best matches the sensory input will be

S………………………..

Answer 15

Selected

Question 16

Lexical integration is the process by which

L………………….. I…………………..

is combined with

C………………….

and background knowledge in order to arrive at a representation and

U………………………….

of the overall message.

Answer 16

Linguistic Information

Contextual

Understanding

Question 17

Occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere may be specialized for the

I…………………… of O…………………….. units.

Answer 17

Identification

Orthographic

Question 18

When we need to translate the orthographic input into phonological information that can be used to pronounce the word,

the L…….. I……………… F……………. G………….,

including the V………….. P……….. of B…………. area,

seems to play a role.

Answer 18

Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Ventral part Broca

Question 19

M……………….. (autonomous) models

claim that normal language comprehension is executed within

S………………… and I……………… modules.

Answer 19

Modular

Separate

Independent

Question 20

I………………….. models

maintain that

A…………. T…………….

of information can participate in word

R……………………

Answer 20

Interactive

All types

Recognition

Question 21

Language disorders, generally called

A………………,

can include deficits in

C……………….. or P………………….

of language resulting from neurological damage.

Answer 21

Aphasias

Comprehension

Production

Question 22

A……………….. A…………….. patients

have difficulty producing or understanding the structure of sentences.

Answer 22

Agrammatic Aphasic

Question 23

Patients with Broca’s aphasia have damage to the area of the brain (Broca’s area) responsible for

P……………. S………………. P……………….

and thus have marked difficulty producing

S……………………….

Answer 23

Planning Speech Production

Speech

Question 24

Wernicke’s aphasia results from damage to the area of the brain responsible for

S………………. C……………………

(Wernicke’s area in the

P………………… T…………………..

of the superior temporal gyrus).

Answer 24

Speech Comprehension

Posterior Third

Question 25

Aphasia can also result from damage to the connection between Wernicke’s and broca’s areas

(the A…………….. F………………….).

Answer 25

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 26

C…………………… A……………………

is the disorder that results from such damage, and people with this type of aphasia have problems producing

S…………………… S………………………..,

as well as repeating speech.

Answer 26

Conduction Aphasia

Spomtaneous Speech

Question 27

A……………………..,

or difficult pronouncing words, results from a lesion to

the I…………………….

Answer 27

Apraxia

Insula

Question 28

In aphasic patients, PET measures obtained during a resting state revealed

H…………………….

(lower glucose utilization) in the

T…………………………. region,

regardless of the type of aphasia.

Answer 28

Hypometabolism

Temporoparietal

Question 29

In the ERP method,

the N……………

is a negative-polarity brain wave related to semantic processes in language, and

the P………/SPS

is a large positive component elicited after a syntactic violation.

Answer 29

N400

P600

Question 30

Peter Hagoort proposes a new neural model of language that suggests three functional components to language processing:

M………………. (storage and retrieval of words),

U…………………… (the integration of phonological, semantic, and syntactic information into an overall representation of the whole utterance),

and C…………………. (relating language to action).

Answer 30

Memory

Unification

Control