LE 9 (2024) Flashcards by

Once diagnosed with hypersexual desire in a 47 XXY patient, treatment with testosterone is safe if the patient did not exhibit which of the following?
A. Markedly increased libido
B. Paraphilia
C. Learning and behavioural difficulties
D. Obesity

Learning and behavioural difficulties

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DNA-MMR mainly repairs mismatches during?
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Elongation

Replication

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According to MacLennan et al., the majority of cases of CP, after using new generation exome sequencing, are caused by:
A. Causative mutations
B. Single gene mutations
C. Copy number variations
D. Acute intrapartum hypoxia

Acute intrapartum hypoxia

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HOX gene implicated in the development of VACTERL, except:
A. Determine vertebrate caudal segmentation
B. Implicated from animal models
C. Involved in genitourinary development
D. Involved in gastrointestinal development

Involved in gastrointestinal development

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Angelman syndrome and Prader-willi syndrome arises from?
A. Disomy
B. Trisomy
C. Tetrasomy
D. Aneuploidy

Disomy

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A diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome is confirmed by chromosomal analysis with gene mutation of?
A. CDH17
B. CDH7
C. CDH77
D. CDH27

B. CDH7

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The first discovered mutations causing monogenetic H accounting for more than 80% are mutations of the:
A. Low density lipoprotein receptors
B. Proprotein convertase subtilisin
C. Apo B100 mRNA
D. Founder mutations

Low density lipoprotein receptors

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Majority of DMD gene mutations are caused by?
A. Extragenic suppression
B. Intragenic deletions
C. Extragenic recombination
D. Intragenic interactions

Intragenic deletions

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The least expensive instrument and assay cost are generated by which of the following DNA sequencing machines?
A. Illumina 454
B. SOLiD
C. Ion Torrent sequencing
D. Ion Personal Genome machine

Ion Personal Genome machine

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The most acceptable theory of the pathogenesis of trisomy 21?
A. Amplified developmental instability
B. Allele dosage
C. Gene-dosage
D. Genome duplication

Gene-dosage

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Majority of the human body’s hormone is a/an:
A. Peptide
B. Steroid
C. Glycoprotein
D. All of the above

All of the above

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If the substance has an effect on the cell which produced and secreted it, it is called a/an:
A. Endocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Autocrine
D. All of the above

Autocrine

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Which hormone is expected to increase after eating a slice of chocolate mousse?
A. Glucagon
B. Prolactin
C. Insulin
D. Parathyroid hormone

Insulin

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Which hormone/s will be released upon stimulation of the Thyroid stimulating hormone?
A. Thyroxine
B. Triiodothyronine
C. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
D. Only A and B

Only A and B

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Which hormone requires more than one organ for its production?
A. Glucagon-like peptide
B. 1,25 (OH)2-D3
C. Calcitonin
D. Angiotensin II

B. 1,25 (OH)2-D3

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The characteristic structure of hormones derived from cholesterol includes the following:
A. 3 cyclopentane and 1 cyclohexane
B. 4 cyclopentane and 1 cyclohexane
C. 3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane
D. 4 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane

3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane

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What amino acid is a chemical building block that acts like a protein and sometimes like a steroid?
A. Proline
B. Tryptophan
C. Tyrosine
D. Valine

C. Tyrosine

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Insulin is a glycoprotein similar to follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Their similarity lies in the:
A. Alpha subunit
B. Beta subunit
C. Delta subunit
D. All of the above

Alpha subunit

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The following are second messengers, EXCEPT:
A. Adenylyl cyclase
B. CAMP
C. cGMP
D. Phosphatidylinositol

Adenylyl cyclase

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If a hormone activates a receptor, the following events occur, EXCEPT:
A. Receptor will have a conformational change
B. GTP is converted to GDP
C. G-protein complex is activated
D. Alpha subunit binds to and activates the effector cell

B. GTP is converted to GDP

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Phospholipase activation by a G protein will result in activation of the following messengers:
A. IP3
B. DAG
C. Both
D. Neither

A. IP3

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What hormone uses cGMP as its second messenger?
A. Nitric oxide
B. Oxytocin
C. Growth hormone
D. Thyroid stimulating hormone

Nitric oxide

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Which of the following hormones is secreted in equimolar amounts with the C-peptide?
A. Catecholamines
B. Thyroxine
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Insulin

Insulin

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Which of the following hormones is synthesized in its active form and are stored in granules before being released into circulation through exocytosis?
A. Catecholamines
B. Thyroxine
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Insulin

Insulin

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25. Which of the following hormones are stored and can supply body the longest (lasting up to weeks)? A. Catecholamines B. Thyroxine C. Parathyroid hormone D. Insulin

Thyroxine

26. How can receptors be differentiated with transport proteins? A. Receptors are highly reversible B. Receptors are highly concentrated C. Receptors are able to induce signal transduction D. Receptors have very low binding affinity to cells

Receptors are able to induce signal transduction

27. Which of the following explains the need for hormones to be associated with a plasma carrier protein? A. To circumvent the problem of solubility B. To prolong the half-life of the hormone C. To be directly affect the transcription of protein being activated D. Only A and B

Only A and B

28. Which of the following is related to hormones that bind to a cell surface receptor? A. Lipophilic B. Water soluble C. Associated with plasma carrier protein D. Can easily cross the cell membrane

Water soluble

29. Which of the following hormones DO NOT bind to a cell surface receptor? A. Glucagon B. Thyroxine C. Somatostatin D. Thyroid stimulating hormone

Thyroxine

30. Which of the following is related to hormones that bind to an intracellular receptor? A. Lipophilic B. Short plasma half-life C. Protein and polypeptide type D. Mediated by cAMP or cGMP

Lipophilic

31. Which of the following hormones bind to an intracellular receptor? A. Androgen B. Nitric oxide C. Calcitonin D. Anti-diuretic hormone

Androgen

32. Which of the following are considered to be the biologically active form of hormones? A. Bound to plasma transport protein B. Bound to plasma carrier protein C. Free hormone D. Only A and B

Free hormone

33. Among hormones that bind to the cell surface receptors, which would act as the first messenger? A. Hormone itself B. Carrier protein of the hormone C. Effector cells D. G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptor

34. If the Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3) is stimulated, what would increase intracellularly? A. ADP B. Ca C. K+ D. Na

35. Which hormone when activated would bind with high affinity to specific DNA sequences called hormone response element (HRE)? A. Group I hormones B. Group II hormones C. Both D. Neither

Group II hormones

36. Inadequate intake of iodine may cause the following, EXCEPT: A. Goiter B. Hypothyroidism C. Cretinism D. Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease

37. Principal cation in the intracellular fluid compartment: A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Copper D. Phosphorus

Potassium

38. True of vitamin D, EXCEPT: A. D2 is the form which is vegetable in origin B. D3 is the form which is animal in origin C. Rickets manifests as brittle bones due to demineralization D. Induces synthesis of transport proteins for calcium in intestinal mucosa

C. Rickets manifests as brittle bones due to demineralization

39. Pernicious anemia is the classic consequence of: A. Thiamine deficiency B. Cobalamin deficiency C. Pantothenic acid deficiency D. Folic acid deficiency

Cobalamin deficiency

40. Which of the following is a biochemical indicator of pyridoxine deficiency? A. Increased urinary excretion of cystathionine B. Decreased urinary excretion of pyridoxic acid C. Increased excretion of xanthurenic acid following tryptophan load D. All of the above

D. All of the above

41. Which of the following is NOT true of Biotin? A. It is used as a prosthetic group in enzymatic reactions B. Biotinidase is the enzyme that links the free carboxyl group of biotin to an enzyme C. Prolonged intake of antibiotics decreases source of biotin D. Avidin prevents biotin absorption because of its high affinity with biotin

B. Biotinidase is the enzyme that links the free carboxyl group of biotin to an enzyme

42. Which of the following is a precursor in the synthesis of CoA? A. Niacin B. Biotin C. Thiamine D. Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid

43. Which is NOT true of niacin? A. Essential factor in biosynthesis of NAD+ andNADP+ B. Has a plasma cholesterol-lowering effect C. Deficiency of niacin causes beriberi D. Derived from the catabolism of tryptophan

Deficiency of niacin causes beriberi

44. The following are macrominerals, EXCEPT: A. Phosphorus B. Potassium C. Sodium D. Fluoride

Fluoride

45. Which of the following tend to lower both HDL and LDL: A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Saturated fatty acids C. Monounsaturated fatty acids D. None of the above

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

46. The following are macronutrients, EXCEPT: A. Triglycerides B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Vitamins

Vitamins

47. Factor/s increasing basal metabolic rate: A. 2,4-dinitrophenol B. Thyroid hormones C. Obesity D. Infancy E. All of the above

E. All of the above

48. Specific dynamic action of food: A. Energy used during digestion, absorption and metabolism of food B. Energy needed to maintain basic physiologic functions under standard conditions C. Energy used during movement and muscle contraction D. Energy used for muscles and growth of body organs

Energy used during digestion, absorption and metabolism of food

49. Basal metabolic rate: A. Energy used during digestion, absorption and metabolism of food B. Energy needed to maintain basic physiologic functions under standard conditions C. Energy used during movement and muscle contraction D. Energy used for muscles and growth of body organs

Energy needed to maintain basic physiologic functions under standard conditions

50. Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome: A. Defective transketolase enzyme B. Seen primarily in alcoholics C. Masked chronic thiamine deficiency D. All of the above E. B & C only

All of the above

51. TRUE of triglycerides, EXCEPT: A. Has a high satiety value B. Supply essential unsaturated fatty acids C. Serve as carriers of fat soluble vitamins D. Provide 7 kcal/gram of energy

D. Provide 7 kcal/gram of energy

52. Defined as the minimum daily intake of protein needed to meet the needs for normal maintenance: A. Recommended daily dietary allowance B. Biologic value of proteins C. Protein requirement D. Protein balance

C. Protein requirement

53. Examples of conditions exhibiting negative nitrogen balance, EXCEPT: A. Pregnancy B. Fasting C. Debilitating diseases D. Kwashiorkor E. Burn patients

Pregnancy

54. Which is NOT an essential amino acid: A. Valine B. Lysine C. Methionine D. Tryptophan E. Alanine

Alanine

55. Biotin is involved in which of the following types of reactions? A. Hydroxylations B. Carboxylations C. Decarboxylations D. Dehydrations

Carboxylations

56. A 3 month old boy presents with poor feeding and growth, hypotonia, lactic acidemia and mild acidosis. The pyruvate to lactate ratio is high and there is decreased conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Which of the following may be considered for therapy? A. Thiamine B. FFA C. Biotin D. Vitamin C

Thiamine

57. Which of the following conditions would primarily produce a functional deficiency of Vitamin K? A. Coumadin therapy B. Broad spectrum antibiotic C. Premature birth D. Lack of red meat in the diet

Coumadin therapy

58. A deficiency of vitamin B12 causes: A. Cheilosis B. Beriberi C. Pernicious anemia D. Scurvy

Pernicious anemia

59. The following is/are true of dietary fiber, except: A. Dietary fiber consists of cellulose, lignin and pectin B. Provides approximately 7 kcal of energy from the diet C. Adds bulk to stool D. Can absorb 10 - 15 times its own weight in water

Provides approximately 7 kcal of energy from the diet

60. Considered as the most abundant mineral in the body: A. Iron B. Chloride C. Fluoride D. Calcium

Calcium

61. The following are considered macronutrients, except: A. Polysaccharides B. Triglycerides C. Calcium D. Amino acids

Calcium

62. Which of the following vitamins would most likely become deficient in a person who develops a completely carnivorous lifestyle? A. Thiamine B. Niacin C. Cobalamin D. Vitamin C

Vitamin C

63. Humans most easily tolerate a lack of which of the following nutrients? A. Protein B. lodine C. Carbohydrate D. Lipid

Carbohydrate

64. What is an important function of fiber? A. It adds flavor to food B. It aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins C. It is an important energy source in the absence of lipids D. It can bind toxigenic substances

It can bind toxigenic substances

65. If there is a dysfunction in the oxidase enzyme system (like cytochrome oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase), which mineral is most likely affected? A. Zinc B. Chloride C. Selenium D. Copper

Copper

66. After an overnight fast, a diabetic woman feels nauseous and skips breakfast but takes her insulin shot. This results in: A. Increased glycogenolysis B. Hypoglycaemia C. Increased lipolysis D. Glycosuria

Hypoglycaemia

67. The following are true of steroid hormone action, EXCEPT: A. Hydrophobic steroid hormones bound to plasma protein carriers diffuse into the target cell B. Steroid hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus C. The receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and affects the genes D. Activated genes produce new mRNA that moves back into the cytoplasm

Activated genes produce new mRNA that moves back into the cytoplasm

68. Type I intracellular receptor: A. Glucocorticoid receptor B. Thyroid hormone receptor C. Retinoid receptor D. Vitamin D receptor

Thyroid hormone receptor

69. Hormone that affects thyroid hormone synthesis and release: A. ADH B. TSH C. ACTH D. Prolactin

TSH

70. Increased reabsorption of water from the kidney is due to: A. Cortisol B. Insulin C. Vasopressin D. Glucagon

Vasopressin

71. The term used for any abnormal new growth of tissue which may be benign or malignant in nature A. Cancer B. Neoplasm C. Malignancy D. Disease

Neoplasm

72. It is estimated that 80% of human cancers are caused by these carcinogens. A. Radiant energy B. Chemicals C. Oncogenic viruses D. None

Chemicals

73. The ability of cancer to invade and spread to other tissues. A. Metastasis B. Angiogenesis C. Apoptosis D. Uncontrolled growth

Metastasis

74. These carcinogens act by introducing novel genes into normal cells. A. Radiant energy B. Chemicals C. Oncogenic viruses D. None of the above

Oncogenic viruses

75. Which statement is not associated with an enhanced risk of developing skin cancer? A. Increases with increased frequency of exposure B. Increases with increased intensity of exposure C. Increases with increased melanin content of skin D. Increases depending on the time of exposure to the sun

Increases with increased melanin content of skin

76. Chemical carcinogens can be identified by their mutagenicity by the following assay/s. A. Ames assay B. Lincoln assay C. Burkitt's assay D. All are correct

Ames assay

77. Epstein-Barr virus is known to cause which malignancy? A. Hepatocellular carcinoma B. Kaposi's sarcoma C. Cervical carcinoma D. Burkitt's lymphoma

B. Kaposi's sarcoma

78. These encode various proteins that drive the growth of cancer cells. A. Procarcinogen B. Proto-oncogenes C. Tumor suppressor genes D. Oncogenes

Oncogenes

79. These encode proteins that normally suppress cell growth but inactivated when altered by mutations. A. Procarcinogen B. Proto-oncogenes C. Tumor suppressor genes D. Oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

80. Also named as the "guardian of genome" and it is noted to be mutated in some 50% of human tumors A. MYC B. P53 C. RAS D. RB

P53

81. Procarcinogens need to be activated by an enzyme to become which of the following? A. True carcinogens B. Ultimate carcinogens C. Pre-carcinogens D. All of the above

Ultimate carcinogens

82. A mechanism of oncogene activation where in a piece of one chromosome is split off and joined to another like in Burkitt's lymphoma. A. Promoter insertion B. Chromosomal translocation C. Gene amplification D. Enhancer insertion

Chromosomal translocation

83. Abnormal multiplication of a gene resulting in many copies. A. Promoter insertion B. Chromosomal translocation C. Gene amplification D. Enhancer insertion

Gene amplification

84. Which is not a feature of oncogenes? A. Mutations in one of the two alleles is sufficient B. Gain of function of a protein that signals cell division C. Often with strong tissue preference D. All are correct

C. Often with strong tissue preference

85. A family of oncogenes encoding small GTPases and they were initially identified in certain murine sarcoma viruses. A. MYC B. P53 C. RAS D. RB

RAS

86. A chromosomal instability wherein the chromosomal number of a cell is not a multiple of the haploid number. A. Microsatellite instability B. Aneuploidy C. Telomerase defect D. Spindle assembly defect

Aneuploidy

87. A pathologic form of cell death that is not generally programmed. A. Apoptosis B. Mutation C. Necrosis D. None of the above

Necrosis

88. This is the effector that digests important structural proteins and is common in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. A. Caspase-9 B. Caspase-3 C. Caspase-8 D. APAF-1

Caspase-3

89. The stimulant of angiogenesis. A. HIF-1 B. EGF C. VEGF D. PDGE

VEGF

90. Calcitonin is a tumor biomarker that is associated with. A. Hepatocellular carcinoma B. Myeloma C. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid D. Germ cell tumor

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

91. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, belongs to which if the following classes of drugs? A. Inhibitors of signal transduction B. Monoclonal antibodies C. Inhibitors of hormone receptors D. Anti-angiogenesis agents E. Biologic response modifiers

Inhibitors of signal transduction

92. Cells show diminished control of growth. A. Malignant Tumors B. Benign Tumors C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

93. These do not invade the local tissue nor spread to other parts of the body. A. Malignant Tumors B. Benign Tumors C. Both D. Neither

Benign Tumors

94. Metastasis is generally responsible for the death of patients. A. Malignant Tumors B. Benign Tumors C. Both D. Neither

Malignant Tumors

95. Proliferate rapidly and display diminished growth control. A. Malignant Tumors B. Benign Tumors C. Both D. None

Malignant Tumors

96. A proto-oncogene can become an oncogene when: A. It is shut off B. It is translocated next to a highly expressed gene C. Growth factors decrease cell division rate D. A person is exposed to pesticides

It is translocated next to a highly expressed gene

97. Loss of tumor suppression in a cell usually results from: A. Cytokine activation of a tumor suppressor gene B. A translocation of a tumor suppressor gene C. An inversion involving a tumor suppressor gene D. A deletion of a tumor suppressor gene

A deletion of a tumor suppressor gene

98. The following are functions of proto-oncogenes EXCEPT: A. Intracellular growth hormones B. Transmembrane growth factors C. Intracellular signal transduction D. Intranuclear transcription factors

Transmembrane growth factors

99. The following are tumor markers, EXCEPT: A. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) B. AFP (Alpha fetoprotein) C. Norepinephrine D. Acid phosphatase (PAP)

Norepinephrine

100. Growth of new blood vessels in and around tumors is called: A. Invasiveness B. Angiogenesis C. Metastasis D. Dedifferentiation

Angiogenesis

LE 9 (2024) Flashcards

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