learning

Question 1

reflexes

Answer 1

involuntary responses to stimuli
thinking is completely unnecessary
many never involve the CNS

Question 2

T or F: reflexes refer to coordination or reaction time

Answer 2

false

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli AKA: fixed action patterns

• more complex than simple reflexes
• instincts are not your intuition, and not about clairvoyance

Question 4

reflexes and instincts are…

Answer 4

• automatic

- said to occur w/o conscious thought, you can often consciously override them

Question 5

learning

Answer 5

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior or that occurs through experience

Question 6

explicitly learning

Answer 6

learning is achieved through experience

Question 7

associative learning

Answer 7

learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association between two events

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

learning processes in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus acquires the capacity to elict a similar response

Question 9

types of classical conditioning

Answer 9

• unconditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response
• conditioned stimulus
• conditioned response

Question 10

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 10

a stimulus that elects a response without prior experience

Question 11

unconditioned response

Answer 11

a response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no prior experience

Question 12

conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

a stimulus whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

Question 13

conditioned response

Answer 13

a response learned through classical conditioning

Question 14

acquisition

Answer 14

the development of a conditioned response -in other words the learning or the rate of learning

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

the reduction of a learned response (unlearning)

• if the pairing of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli ends, one “unlearns” the prior association
• its not forgetting

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

• during extinction training, the re-occurance of the conditioned response after a delay
• this is evidence that the original learning is still remembered even when after extinction

Question 17

relearning faster?

Answer 17

faster than initial learning

Question 18

inhibition

Answer 18

a type of conditioning in which a stimulus predicts the non-occurance of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

generalized

Answer 19

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

the opposite…the learned ability to discriminate between the stimuli

Question 21

taste aversion

Answer 21

we’er very fast to form associations between the experience of nausea/food poisoning and specific food

• sometimes with only a single trial
  ex. can’t eat something after throwing it up one time

Question 22

why does taste aversion work differently

Answer 22

• we don’t easily pair sounds, light, touch with nausea at all
• the type of stimulus matters
• we seem evolutionarily prepared to link food with nausea

Question 23

operant conditioning

Answer 23

a type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes

Question 24

operant conditioning/types of consequences

Answer 24

punishment- anything that will lower the frequency of behavior
reinforcement- anything that will increase the frequency of behavior

Question 25

types of consequences

Answer 25

• positive and neg. reinforcements

- positive and neg. punishment

Question 26

positive reinforcements

Answer 26

adding a stimulus that will increase the behavior

-ex. give someone a treat every time they do something that you like

Question 27

positive punishment

Answer 27

adding a stimulus that will decrease behavior

-ex. giving someone a small shock when they do something you don’t like

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

removal of an unpleasant stimulus so behavior will increase

-ex. threaten to hum a song until sometime does what you want them todo

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

removal of a pleasant stimulus so behavior will decrease

-ex. take away a toy from a child when they are bad

Question 30

reinforcement schedules

Answer 30

typically can’t provide instant and continuous reinforcements/punishments. so we do so on a type of “schedule”

Question 31

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 31

you receive the reinforcer after a certain number of behaviors
-ex. getting paid peicemail

Question 32

variable ratio schedule

Answer 32

you receive the reinforcer after a variable number of behaviors
-ex. slot machines

Question 33

fixed interval schedules

Answer 33

the first response after a set amount of time gets reinforced
-ex. a typical paycheck at a salaried job

Question 34

variable interval schedules

Answer 34

the first response after a variable amount of time gets reinforced
ex. fishing

Question 35

primary reinforcers

Answer 35

naturally satisfying reinforcers (food, water, ect.)

Question 36

secondary reinforcers

Answer 36

one that acquires its positive values through experience (money)

Question 37

non associative learning

Answer 37

involves changes in magnitude of response to a stimulus

-not really learning something new

Question 38

sensitization

Answer 38

after a particularly strong stimulus, becoming more sensitive to lower-level but similar to stimulus
-after being attacked, a victim often becomes hypersensitive to any threat of even minor violence

Question 39

habitivation

Answer 39

when a small stimuli that is harmless and repeated our response to it decreases
-landscapers outside the window, notice at first then you grow to forget they are there

Question 40

observational learning (modeling)

Answer 40

• we do learn from others, we don’t need to experience rewards and punishments firsthand
• not all species can, but this is not a uniquely human ability

Question 41

avoidance learning

Answer 41

an organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
-ex. an animal avoiding shock, wearing a seat belt to avoid injury

Question 42

learned helplessness

Answer 42

• animals will stop even trying to avoid a negative stimulus once they learn that it is unavoidable
• led to a highly influential model of depression

Question 43

latent or implicit learning

Answer 43

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

• rats exposed to a maze long before cheese is hidden in it, will learn to find the cheese much faster
• probably learned a lot about driving long before you even got in the drivers seat