Lecture 1

Question 1

the foundation of technological
activity

Answer 1

Data

Question 2

a highly organized collection
of assembled data

Answer 2

Database

Question 3

sophisticated software that controls the database and the database environment

Answer 3

Database Management System

Question 4

tokens or “counters” that were used for record keep dates back to what year

Answer 4

8500 B.C

Question 5

the recording of data to keep track of how much a person has produced and what it can be bartered or sold for.

Answer 5

Record-keeping

Question 6

originated in the trading
centers of fourteenth century Italy.

Answer 6

Double-entry bookkeeping

Question 7

The earliest known example of double entry bookkeeping is from a merchant in Genoa and dates to the year

Answer 7

1340

Question 8

he produced an adding machine that was an early version of today’s mechanical automobile odometers

Answer 8

Blaise Pascal

Question 9

Invented in 1805 by Joseph Marie
Jacquard of France.

Answer 9

Punched Cards

Question 10

method of storing fabric patterns, a form of graphic data, as holes in punched cards was a very clever means of data storage

Answer 10

Punched Cards

Question 11

punched cards were invented by

Answer 11

Jacquard of France 1805

Question 12

he arranged to have the census data stored in punched cards and invented machinery to tabulate them.

Answer 12

Herman Hollerith

Question 13

In 1896 Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Company to produce and commercially market his devices – this later became

Answer 13

IBM

Question 14

he developed devices to automatically feed cards into the equipment and to automatically print results

Answer 14

James Powers

Question 15

In 1911 he established the Powers Tabulating Machine Company – this later became Unisys Corporation

Answer 15

James Powers

Question 16

Time Periods:

The introduction of electronic computers.

Witnessed a boom in economic development.

From this point onward, it would be virtually impossible to tie advances in computing devices to specific, landmark data storage and retrieval needs

Answer 16

Mid - 1950s

Question 17

The earliest form of modern data storage, introduced in the 1870s and 1880

Answer 17

Punched paper tape

Question 18

these were the only data storage medium used in the increasingly sophisticated electromechanical accounting machines of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s.

Answer 18

Punched cards

Question 19

Time Periods:

Era of erasable magnetic storage begins.

Early development of magnetic tape for data recording.

Magnetic tape concept developed for commercial use by multiple companies.

Answer 19

1930s,1940s, 1950

Question 20

commercially available units in
1952.

Answer 20

Magnetic Tape

Question 21

began to be
developed at MIT in the late 1930s and early 1940s

Answer 21

Direct Access Magnetic Devices

Question 22

early 1950s; forerunners of
magnetic disk technology

Answer 22

Magnetic Drum

Question 23

commercially available in mid
1950s

Answer 23

Magnetic Disk

Question 24

introduced as a data storage
medium in 1985

Answer 24

Compact Disk (CD)

Question 25

Flash drives

Answer 25

Solid-state technology

Question 26

Involves a company protecting its data from theft, malicious destruction, deliberate attempts at making phony changes to the data.

Answer 26

Data Security

Question 27

Ensuring that even employees who normally have access to the company’s data are given access only to the specific data that they need in their work

Answer 27

Data Privacy

Question 28

The ability to reconstruct data if it is lost or corrupted.

Answer 28

Backup and Recovery

Question 29

Data is often stored multiple times within a company's system. New applications create additional data files. Duplication occurs within single files and across multiple files.

Answer 29

Data Accuracy

Question 30

A collection of related data

Answer 30

Database

Question 31

Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.

Answer 31

Data

Question 32

Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.

Answer 32

Mini-world

Question 33

A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database.

Answer 33

Database Management System (DBMS)

Question 34

The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.

Answer 34

Database System

Question 35

Defines database structure, data types, and constraints. Loads initial database contents onto secondary storage. Manipulates data: Retrieval (querying, reports), Modification (insertions, deletions, updates). Access via web applications. Supports concurrent user and application access while maintaining data validity and consistency.

Answer 35

Typical DBMS Functionality

Question 36

is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database.

Answer 36

Data Abstraction

Question 37

is a major part of database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second.

Answer 37

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

Question 38

guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted

Answer 38

Concurrency control

Question 39

ensures each completed transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the database

Answer 39

Recovery subsystem

Question 40

Users are categorized into

Answer 40

"Actors on the Scene" "Workers Behind the Scene"

Question 41

# Actors on the scene: Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations.

Answer 41

Database administrators:

Question 42

# Actors on the scene: Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs

Answer 42

Database Designers

Question 43

# Actors on the scene: They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update the database content.

Answer 43

End-users

Question 44

# Actors on the scene: End-users can be categorized into

Answer 44

Casual: access database occasionally when needed Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section of the end-user population.

Question 45

# Database End Users: These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database

Answer 45

Sophisticated

Question 46

# Database End Users: Maintain personal databases with packaged applications. Example: Tax program users with internal databases. Example: Individuals managing personal photo and video databases.

Answer 46

Stand-alone

Question 47

# Actors on the Scene: This category currently accounts for a very large proportion of the IT work force

Answer 47

System Analysts and Application Developers

Question 48

# Actors on the Scene: They understand the user requirements of naïve and sophisticated users and design applications including canned transactions to meet those requirements.

Answer 48

System Analysts

Question 49

# Actors on the Scene: Implement the specifications developed by analysts and test and debug them before deployment

Answer 49

Application Programmers

Question 50

# Actors on the Scene: There is an increasing need for such people who can analyze vast amounts of business data and real-time data (“Big Data”) for better decision making related to planning, advertising, marketing etc.

Answer 50

Business Analysts

Question 51

# Actors behind the Scene: Create and test DBMS modules, interfaces, and ensure compatibility with other system components

Answer 51

System Designers and Implementors

Question 52

# Actors Behind the Scene: Design software tools for database modeling, performance monitoring, prototyping, etc., aiding application development and database usage

Answer 52

Tool Developers

Question 53

# Actors Behind the Scene: Manage hardware and software maintenance and operation of the database system.

Answer 53

Operators and Maintenance Personnel

Question 54

# Historical Development of Database Technology: these were introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies

Answer 54

The Hierarchical and Network Models

Question 55

# Historical Development of Database Technology: was originally introduced in 1970, was heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research and several universities Products emerged in the early 1980s

Answer 55

Relational model

Question 56

# Historical Development of Database Technology: were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications

Answer 56

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMSs)

Question 57

# Category of Users: Utilize and manage database content, design, develop, and maintain database applications.

Answer 57

"Actors on the Scene"

Question 58

# Category of Users: Design, develop DBMS software, related tools, and manage computer systems operations

Answer 58

"Actors Behind the Scene"