Lecture #1

Question 1

What are 3 types of microorganisms?

Answer 1

1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes
3. Viruses

Question 2

What category of microorganism do bacteria and archaea fall under

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

What two things fall under the eukaryote?

Answer 3

1. Protozoa

2. Fungi

Question 4

What is a virus

Answer 4

Acellular requiring living host cells to produce

Question 5

What are two characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 5

1. Lack a membrane bound nucleus

2. Single circular chromosome

Question 6

How would you describe archaea?

Answer 6

Able to live in adverse environmental conditions

Question 7

What are 3 examples of where archaea can survive?

Answer 7

1. High salt concentrations
2. High temperatures
3. Acidic environments

Question 8

What is a characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 8

1. Contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 9

What are protozoa and fungi considered in the eukaryotes group?

Answer 9

Microbes

Question 10

What is the nomenclature where the genus name is followed by the species name?

Answer 10

Binomial System of Nomenclature

Question 11

What often exists within a genus?

Answer 11

Many species

Question 12

When writing the genus and species of bacteria, what are two ways it can be written?

Answer 12

1. Italicized or underlined

2. First letter of genus capitalized and the name of the species, not capitalized.

Question 13

Microorganisms are very important in what 3 areas

Answer 13

Human, animal and plant life

Question 14

What are 5 ways microorganisms (microbiology) is important

Answer 14

1. Gave way to intro and development of higher life forms
2. To degrade organic material and nitrogen fixation
3. Production of antibiotics
4. Prevent growth of harmful bacteria in body
5. Fermentation of food

Question 15

What occurred in 1665?

Answer 15

Robert Hooke discovers cells

Question 16

The discovery of cells leads to the start of what?

Answer 16

Cell theory

Question 17

What is the cell theory?

Answer 17

All things living are composed of cells

Question 18

What did Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek call live microbes

Answer 18

animalcules

Question 19

Who used a microscope to view live microbes

Answer 19

Anthoni can Leeuwenhoek

Question 20

What is the Spontaneous Generation theory?

Answer 20

Bacteria arises spontaneously from non-living matter

Question 21

Who rejected the spontaneous generation theory

Answer 21

Louis Pasteur

Question 22

What is the biogenesis theory?

Answer 22

The hypothesis that living matter arises only from preexisting living matter

Question 23

Which theory is currently accepted: Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Answer 23

Biogenesis

Question 24

Who discovered fermentation?

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

What is fermentation?

Answer 25

Yeast converting sugar to alcohol in absence of oxygen

Question 26

How can the souring of milk and alcohol be prevented?

Answer 26

When the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar. Heating the milk/alcohol kills off the bacteria present and prevents spoilage

Question 27

The preventing of spoilage of milk and alcohol is called

Answer 27

Pasteurization

Question 28

What did Joseph Lister discover in the 1860's?

Answer 28

Phenol

Question 29

What was phenol used for?

Answer 29

Used to clean wounds and surgical instruments decrease the incidence of wound infections

Question 30

What is the Germ theory of Disease?

Answer 30

Belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease

Question 31

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

Answer 31

Robert Koch

Question 32

Robert Koch developed the germ theory of disease on the basis that....

Answer 32

Microbes alter the chemical and physical nature of organic material

Question 33

Germ theory of disease led to the development of..?

Answer 33

Koch's postulates

Question 34

What is koch's postulates?

Answer 34

Used today in order to prove that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease

Question 35

How was koch's postulates developed?

Answer 35

1. He isolated Bacillus anthraces from blood of infected cows 2. Grew the B. anthraces into healthy mice and they developed anthrax 3. B. anthraces was isolated from mice and grown once again

Question 36

Who developed the small pox vaccine?

Answer 36

Edward Jenner

Question 37

How did Edward Jenner develop the small pox vaccine?

Answer 37

After observing the people who had had infected with cow pox, they were immune to small pox, he injected a boy with cow pox and became middle ill. Later he discovered the boy was immune to small pox

Question 38

Who developed the idea of selectively toxicity?

Answer 38

Paul Ehrlich

Question 39

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 39

The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed

Question 40

What is anti-microbial solvarsan useful for? Who discovered it?

Answer 40

To cure syphilis without damaging host cells. Discovered by Paul Ehrlich

Question 41

What did alexander flemming discover?

Answer 41

Discovered Penicillin

Question 42

What was penicillin discovered from?

Answer 42

A product of the old Penicillium Chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with mold

Question 43

What was the mold that penicillin was discovered with

Answer 43

Penicillium Chrysogenum