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1
Q

What is a disease?

A
  • A specific disorder or illness

- “Not at ease”

2
Q

A disease with a living agent is a/an ________ disease.

A

Infectious

3
Q

A disease with a nonliving agent is a/an __________ disease.

A

Non-Infectious

4
Q

What are five categories of non-infectious diseases?

A
  1. Nutritional
  2. Metabolic
  3. Trauma
  4. Toxic Materials
  5. Congenital Defects
5
Q

What are six types of infectious disease agents?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Virus
  3. Prions
  4. Protozoa
  5. Fungi
  6. Parasites
6
Q

What is the infectious disease process?

A
  1. Enter Host
  2. Multiply
  3. Evade hose defenses
  4. Harm Host
7
Q

What are three disease determinants?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Host
  3. Pathogen (the agent)
8
Q

Genotype, species, age, and breed are examples of the ________ disease determinant.

A

Host

9
Q

Virulence and pathogenicity are characteristics of the ________ disease determinant.

A

Agent

10
Q

Location, climate, housing, and management are examples of the __________ disease determinant.

A

Environment

11
Q

_________ is the severity of the disease or degree of pathogenicity.

A

Virulence

12
Q

What is the ability to cause disease in certain environments or at a certain temperature?

A

Pathogenicity

13
Q

For an infectious disease, what does it mean to be contagious?

A

Animal to animal transfer

14
Q

For an infectious disease, what does it mean to be non-contagious?

A

Environmental to animal transfer

15
Q

What are four portals of entry for a disease?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Inhalation
  3. Cutaneous penetration
  4. Ascending infection
16
Q

What are two indirect transmissions of disease, and two direct transmissions of disease?

A
  1. Vectors 1. Cough

2. Fomites 2. Touch

17
Q

What are vectors?

A

Organism that transmits a particular disease or parasite from one animal to another (mosquito)

18
Q

What are Fomites?

A

Inanimate objects that transmit a particular disease for parasite from one animal to another (boots).

19
Q

What are demics?

A

Relating to a population or area

20
Q

What is it called when the rate of disease in a population is greater than expected?

A

Epidemic

21
Q

__________ is when a disease is maintained at a relatively constant rate in the population without the need for external input.

A

Endemic

22
Q

What is an epidemic of worldwide distribution called?

A

Pandemic

23
Q

The host parasite interaction in which neither parties are harmed and one may benefit is called what?

A

Commensalism

24
Q

The host parasite interaction in which one organism lives at the expense of another is called what?

A

Parasitism

25
Q

The host parasite interaction in which both organisms benefit is called what?

A

Mutualism

26
Q

For parasites to be successful, they must _______ with the host.

A

Co-evolve

27
Q

What is the objective of pathogens?

A

To reproduce

28
Q

What is Infectious Dose (ID)?

A

The minimal number of pathogens needed to establish a disease

29
Q

What is ID50?

A

The number of organisms required to produce an infection in 50% of the test animals.

30
Q

What is Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)?

A

The number of organisms or toxin required to cause death in 50% of the test animals

31
Q

_________ Pathogens are associated only with disease.

A

Obligate

32
Q

_________ or _________ pathogens are associated with the normal flora of pathogens in the body.

A

Opportunistic or Potential

33
Q

Why is Mannheim Hemolytic an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Is it found in the normal flora of pathogens in the nasal cavity of healthy cattle. However, it can cause shipping fever when the host is compromised.

34
Q

The normal flora of bacteria is greater than the number of cells in the body. What is something that can upset the normal flora?

A

Antibiotics

35
Q

Pathogenic Microbes that are characterized by frontal assault have what?

A
  • short incubation
  • rapid clinical signs
  • intimate transmission
36
Q

Pathogenic microbes that are characterized by stealth assaults have what?

A
  • Lengthy incubation
  • slow onset of signs
  • Environmental transmission
37
Q

In humans, what is an example of a pathogenic microbe with a stealth assault?

A

-HIV

38
Q

In a final (definitive) host, what happens to the parasite?

A

It reaches sexual maturity or replicates

39
Q

A ________ parasite host is one that is essential for the lifecycle of the pathogen and is a temporary environment for development.

A

Intermediate

40
Q

A _______ parasite host harbors pathogens that infect others.

A

Reservoir

41
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability of the body to defend against foreign micro-organisms.

42
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Adaptive and innate

43
Q

Adaptive immunity can be subdivided into two categories. What are they?

A

Natural and artificial

44
Q

Natural and artificial adaptive immunity can each be further divided into two subcategories. What are they?

A

Passive and Active

45
Q

Give an example of passive natural adaptive immunity?

A
  • maternal (question on notes)
46
Q

Give an example of active natural adaptive immunity.

A

You get the infection once, and build up resistance to it.

47
Q

Give and example of adaptive artificial passive immunity?

A

Cow passes antibodies to calf through mile that were supplemented to her.

48
Q

Give an example of adaptive artificial active immunity?

A

Immunization through vaccination

49
Q

_______ immunity is the first line of defense that you are born with. It is inherent to the host and no prior exposure to disease is needed to have this immunity.

A

Innate

50
Q

_______ immunity is attained due to exposure to disease.

A

Acquired/Adaptive

51
Q

What is an example of innate immunity dealing with physiologic barriers?

A

-pH of the stomach, body temperature

52
Q

What is an example of innate immunity dealing with anatomic barriers?

A

Epithelial surfaces (skin and hair)

53
Q

What is an example of innate immunity dealing with mechanical barriers?

A

Urinary pH and flushing action

54
Q

What is an example of innate immunity dealing with phagocytic barriers?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

55
Q

What are examples of innate immunity dealing with inflammatory barriers?

A

Dilated leading blood vessels allow delivery of inflammatory cells and proteins to the site of injury/infection

56
Q

What are examples of dermal immunity? Is this immunity innate or adaptive?

A

-Cell turnover
-pH
-Proteins/lipids
Innate

57
Q

Nasal hairs, turbulence, and much-ciliary escalator are all examples of what body system’s immunity? Is this adaptive or innate?

A
  • Upper Respiratory

- Innate

58
Q

What parts of the body have a normal flora of bacteria?

A

Gut, dermal, vagina

59
Q

What does the normal flora do in the body?

A
  • Occupies attachment sites

- Produce by-products that are competitive

60
Q

Where in the body does the flushing action take place?

A

Urinary tract, mammary gland, nasal secretion

61
Q

Where in the body does the pH help keep infection out?

A

Mouth, urine, and stomach

62
Q

What are the secretory products of the body?

A
  • Mucous
  • Enzymes
  • Inron Chelators
  • Anti-Toxins
63
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Redness
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
64
Q

What is the innate cellular response when cells are damaged?

A
  1. Damaged cells release chemotactic factors and cytokines
  2. Blood vessels near the site of injury dilate and become leaky
  3. Phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrofils are attracted to the site of injury and experience chemotaxis
  4. Heat, redness, and inflammation occur
  5. The inflammatory cells release more cytokines
65
Q

What does chemotactic mean?

A

Chemicals that attract

66
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement in response to a chemical stimulus

67
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers between cells; how cells talk to each other

68
Q

Where do viruses replicate?

A

Only inside cells

69
Q

______ are polypeptides that are produced and secreted by cells containing viruses which help to prevent the spread of the virus by protecting other cells. They are a special type of cytokine.

A

Interferons

70
Q

__________ are a type of lymphocyte that can recognize and destroy cells that are infected by viruses. They are part of the innate and acquired immune response.

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

71
Q

What two things are part of the immune response for viruses?

A
  1. Interferons

2. NK cells