Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 1: Intro Deck (24)
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1
Q

Components of U&E

A

Urea
Na+
K+
Creatinine

2
Q

What to request in stool

A

Microscopy
Culture
Sensitivity (to work out antibiotic)

3
Q

What tests involved in LFT

A

Albulin, Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (different isoenzymes for bone and liver), ALT

4
Q

Blood test

A
U&E : serum in yellow/red top
 Glucose: plasma in grey top
 HBA1c: plasma in purple top
 TFT: serum in yellow/red top
 Liver function tests: in yellow/red top
5
Q

How to measure glucose in blood

A
Red cells consume glucose (anaerobic glycolysis), so the longer this is left out, the lower the glucose may read
Fluoride Oxalate (poison) prevents the red cells from using glucose
6
Q

High K+ and low Na+

A

shows adrenal failure perhaps

7
Q

What would high urea with normal creatinine show

A

could show dehydrated…. urea doesn’t show much about kidney health… creatinine shows more shows more about GFR

8
Q

What is postassium EDTA and what tubes have this

A

This is a strong anticoagulant and these tubes are usually used for complete blood count

PURPLE

9
Q

What colour bottle for flouride oxalate

A

Grey top (=poison)

10
Q

What do red and yellow top bottles contain

A

red- nothing

yellow top- have gel to speed up clot

11
Q
What colour bottle for each of following: 
U&E 
Glucose 
HBA1c 
TFT 
LFT
A
U&E : serum in yellow/red top
 Glucose: plasma in grey top
 HBA1c: plasma in purple top
 TFT: serum in yellow/red top
 Liver function tests: in yellow/red top
12
Q

Differentiate serum and plasma

A

Serum is that part of blood which is similar in composition with plasma but exclude clotting factors of blood.

13
Q

How do you get serum from plasma

A

e.g. U&E….

Serum in red/yellow top…. blood will clot (as no anticoag.) then just remove clots, leaves serum behind

14
Q

Give 2 examples of anticoagulants used in bloods

A

EDTA or heparin

15
Q

What can samples which have added anticoagulant be separated into

A

Clotting factors unused so

Blood can be separated into red cells and plasma

16
Q
Reference range for 
Na 
K 
U 
Cr
A

Na+: 135 – 145)
K: 3.5 – 5.0)
U: 2.0 – 6.0)
Cr: (NR 70 – 120)

17
Q

High potassium what could be the cause

A

Could be adrenal failure

OR

could be haemolysed sample (i.e. RBCs split open in the sample)

18
Q

What is creatinine a arker of

A

GFR

19
Q

If dehydrated, both creat. and urea increase … t/f

A

f: Urea levels rise when a patient is dehydrated but GFR stays the same to the end.

20
Q

What enzymes are looked at in LFT

A

Albumin: synthesised in the liver

Bilirubin

Alkaline Phosphatase

ALT (alanine amino-transferase)

21
Q

What other enzyms would you measure in a patient with jaundice

A

AST and GGT

22
Q

What are the cardiac enzymes

A

Troponins
Creatine kinase (CK)
Aspartate amino transferase (AST)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

23
Q

Talk about AST and ALP. in terms of specificity and when they are raised

A

AST not speciifc to liver…. when raised it indicated peri-portal damage (i.e. damage to cells around the portal triad)

ALP is more speciic to liver…..

They don’t indicated liver FUNCTION, they indicate DAMAGE level, as they are released due to hepatocellular damage due to inflammation

24
Q

When might albulin be low

A

CHRONIC liver injury (as albulin as 20 day half life so takes a while for it to fall)