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HES235-Test 4 > Lecture 11: Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Male External Genitalia

A

Scrotum

Penis

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2
Q

Penis

A

Erectile organ

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3
Q

What does the penis contain?

A

Distal portion of urethra

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4
Q

Function of Penis

A

Introduce semen to vagina

Conducts urine to exterior

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5
Q

Root of Penis

A

Fixed portion that attaches penis to body wall

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6
Q

Where is the root of the penis attachment?

A

Inferior to the pubic symphysis

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7
Q

How many sperm do males produce in one day?

A

1/2 billion

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8
Q

Body of Penis

A

Tubular

Main portion

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9
Q

What does the body of the penis contain?

A

3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue

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10
Q

Glans of Penis

A

Expanded distal end of the penis that surrounds external urethral orifice

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11
Q

What is the glans made of?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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12
Q

Where is the male erectile tissue located?

A

A dense network of elastic fibers that encircle internal structures in the body of the penis

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13
Q

What kind of channels are in male erectile tissue?

A

Vascular channels

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14
Q

In resting state, the arteries in the penis…

A

Are constricted, restricting blood flow

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15
Q

What is an erection caused by?

A

Increased blood flow into erectile tissue and decreased venous flow out of erectile tissue

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16
Q

What are dilated during an erection?

A

Arteries

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17
Q

What are constricted during an erection?

A

Veins

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18
Q

Corpora Cavernosa

A

2 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in body of penis

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19
Q

What are the corpora cavernosa anchored to?

A

Bone (ischium and pubis) by tough connective tissue

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20
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa separated by?

A

Thin septum

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21
Q

What is in the middle of each corpora cavernosa cylinder?

A

Central artery

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22
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

Slender erectile body that surrounds the penile urethra

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23
Q

Where does corpus spongiosum extend from?

A 
Urogenital diaphragm (near pelvic floor) to tip of penis
Expands to form glans
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24
Q

What does corpus spongiosum contain?

A

Pair of small arteries

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25
Q

Testes

A

Egg shaped organs that hang in scrotum that produce sperm

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26
Q

What temperature is required by testes to satisfy normal sperm development?

A

2 degrees lower than body temp

About 96.6

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27
Q

Why do scrotum muscles relax and contract?

A

To move testes away or toward the body to maintain acceptable testicular temperature

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28
Q

What are the muscles that move scrotum?

A

Cremaster Muscles

Dartos Muscles

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29
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

Dense/thick/tough layer of connective tissue surrounding testes

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30
Q

What do tunica albuginea fibers extend into substance of testis for?

A

Form septa that converge near entrance of epididymis

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31
Q

Septa in Testes

A

Subdivide testis into lobules

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32
Q

Teste Lobules

A

Contain about 800 slender and tightly coiled seminiferous tubules

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33
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Produce sperm via mitosis and meiosis

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34
Q

Meiosis Results In…

A

4 Cells with 23 chromosomes

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35
Q

How long is each seminiferous tubule?

A

About 32 inches

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36
Q

How much seminiferous tubules does each testis contain?

A

1/2 a mile of tightly coiled tubules

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37
Q

Rete Teste

A

Network of passageways en route to epididymis for mature sperm

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38
Q

What cells are within and surround seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial Cells

Nurse Cells

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39
Q

Interstitial Cells in Testes

A

Produce testosterone

Outside of seminiferous tubules

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40
Q

Nurse Cells in Testes

A

Provide proper environment in the seminiferous tubules

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41
Q

Other Name for Nurse Cells in Testes

A

Sustentacular Cells

Sertoli Cells

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42
Q

What do nurse cells affect?

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Spermiogenesis in seminiferous tubules

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43
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of sperm production

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44
Q

Where does spermatogenesis begin?

A

The outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules

45
Q

Where do sperm proceed as they mature?

A

Lumen (center) of tubule

46
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Last step of spermatogenesis

47
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Sperm

Each mature spermatid gets a nurse cell, attached to its cytoplasm

48
Q

Where are mature sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

49
Q

Epididymis

A

Network of channels on the superior surface of each testis

50
Q

When does swimming of sperm occur?

A

At ejaculation when they are exposed to seminal fluid from seminal vesicles

51
Q

Head of Sperm

A

Flattened ellipse that contains nucleus and 23 chromosomes

52
Q

Acrosomal Cap

A

Tip of sperm head

53
Q

What does the acrosomal cap contain?

A

Enzymes essential to fertilization of egg

54
Q

How do sperm get through follicular cells surrounding egg?

A

100s - 1000s of sperm are needed to get through the follicular cells that surround egg and then a path is made for 1 sperm that hasn’t died to go through

55
Q

Middle Part of Sperm

A

Spiral around microtubules that contain mitochondria

56
Q

What does mitochondria in middle of sperm body do?

A

Its activity provides ATP to move tail in corkscrew motion

Absorbs nutrients

57
Q

Tail of Sperm

A

Only flagellum in the human body
Whiplike organ
Moves cell from 1 place to another

58
Q

What does a mature spermatozoon lack?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golfi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

59
Q

When are the organelles removed from sperm?

A

During spermiogenesis

60
Q

Why do sperm lose the organelles?

A

It reduces sperm size and mass

61
Q

What does sperm absorb from seminal fluid?

A

Nutrients such as fructose

62
Q

Pathway of Sperm Ejaculation

A

Epididymis
Ductus Defrens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra

63
Q

Where is the epididymis?

A

Poster and superior to testes

64
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

Stores and protects spermatozoa

Moves sperm through via peristaltic contractions

65
Q

How long is the epididymis?

A

23 feet

66
Q

How long is the ductus defrens?

A

16-18 inches

67
Q

Where is the ductus defrens?

A

Begins at the tail of the epididymis and ascends into the pelvic cavity where it curves inferiorly along urinary bladder

68
Q

Where is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Posterior and inferior to the bladder

69
Q

How long is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Less than 1 inch

70
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct empty into?

A

Urethra

71
Q

What takes place at the ejaculatory duct?

A

It is where seminal glands secrete seminal fluid to start getting sperm to swim

72
Q

What systems use the male urethra?

A

Reproductive and Urinary

73
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

7-8 inches

74
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

75
Q

Prostatic Urethra

A

Most proximal

Near prostate gland

76
Q

Membranous Urethra

A

Through the pelvic floor

77
Q

Spongy Urethra

A

Penile Urethra

78
Q

What do male accessory organs do?

A

Secrete fluid into ejaculatory ducts and urethra

79
Q

60% of semen comes from what gland?

A

Seminal Glands

80
Q

30% of semen comes from what gland?

A

Prostate Gland

81
Q

9% of semen comes from what gland?

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland

82
Q

1% of semen come from where?

A

Sperm

83
Q

Seminal Glands

A

Extremely active secretory glands

84
Q

Where is seminal fluid discharged into?

A

Ejaculatory Duct

85
Q

What is highly concentrated in the seminal glands?

A

Fructose

86
Q

Fructose

A

Easily metabolized by spermatozoa to produce ATP

87
Q

Why is seminal fluid slightly alkaline?

A

To neutralized acids in prostate gland and vagina

88
Q

Capacitation

A

Maturation of sperm

89
Q

What initiates first step in capacitation?

A

Seminal glands

90
Q

How big is the prostate gland?

A

1.6 inches in diameter

91
Q

Prostatic Fluid

A

Slightly acidic
Helps buffer pH of semen
Ejected into prostatic urethra

92
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Round shaped

Less than .5 inches in diameter

93
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Base of penis

94
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

Thick, alkaline mucus to help neutralize acids in urethra and prepares the urethra for semen passage through it

95
Q

How much semen is in a typical ejaculation?

A

2-5 mL

96
Q

What is the normal range of sperm count?

A

20-100 million/mL

97
Q

What are the 3 components of semen?

A

Spermatozoa
Seminal Fluid
Enzymes

98
Q

What do enzymes in semen do?

A

Help the sperm move through the female reproductive tract

99
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Creates a sperm clot to prevent falling out of female

Breaks down after 30-60 minutes

100
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone is released from where?

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

FSH

LH

102
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Function in Males

A

Stimulates nurse cells in seminiferous tubules

103
Q

Inhibin

A

Negative feedback loop saying that it is making sperm

Received from nurse cells which leads to a drop in FSH and GnRH

104
Q

Luteinizing Hormone Function in Males

A

Stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone

105
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

Nurse cells
Inhibition of GnRH
Spermatogenesis

106
Q

What does testosterone affect?

A

CNS function

Libido

107
Q

What male secondary sex characteristics does testosterone establish?

A

Distribution of facial hair
Increased muscle mass and body size
Characteristic adipose tissue deposits

108
Q

What does testosterone maintain?

A

Accessory glands and organs of male reproductive tract

HES235-Test 4 (3 decks)

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