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HES235-Test 4 > Lecture 12: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce sex hormones and gametes
Protects and supports developing embryo
Nourishes newborn infant via mammary glands

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

Release one immature gamete (oocyte) per month

Produce hormones

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3
Q

Oocyte

A

Immature gamete that hasn’t completed meiosis 1

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4
Q

Uterine Tubes

A

Fallopian tubes
Carry oocytes to uterus
Where fertilization typically occurs

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5
Q

Uterus

A

Encloses and supports developing embryo

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6
Q

Vagina

A

Connects uterus with exterior from cervix

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7
Q

What are enclosed in the broad ligament of female?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus

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8
Q

What lies along broad ligament in females?

A

Uterine tubes

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9
Q

Round Ligaments in Females

A

Provide lateral stability

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10
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

Near lateral walls of pelvic cavity

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11
Q

What are the main functions of the ovaries?

A

Production of immature female gametes

Secretion of female sex hormones

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12
Q

How long are uterine tubes?

A

5 inches

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13
Q

What transport oocyte from ovary to uterus?

A

Uterine Tubes

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14
Q

Finger-like projections that help catch ovulated egg

A

Fimbriae

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15
Q

What are uterine tubes lined with to help move egg?

A

Cilia

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16
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

Middle to upper 1/3 of uterine tubes

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17
Q

When must the secondary oocyte meet the spermatozoa in order for fertilization to occur?

A

First 12-24 hours after oocyte is released

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18
Q

What is the largest portion of the uterus?

A

Body/Corpus

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19
Q

Fundus of Uterus

A

Rounded portion of uterine body

Superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes

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20
Q

Cervix

A

Inferior portion of uterus

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21
Q

Where does the distal end of the cervix project into?

A

.5 inches into vagina

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22
Q

External Os

A

Opening from uterus into vagina

Between uterus and vaginal canal

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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24
Q

Perimetrium of Uterus

A

Outermost layer

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25
Q

Myometrium of Uterus

A

Midle layer made up of layers of muscle

Where cramps and contractions occur

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26
Q

What does the muscle in the myometrium do?

A

Provides force to move fetus out of uterus into vaginal canal

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27
Q

Endometrium of Uterus

A

Inner layer that contains uterine glands

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28
Q

Basilar Zone of Uterus Endometrium

A

Always present in uterus

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29
Q

Functional Zone of Uterus Endometrium

A

Provides nutrients/nourishment for a developing embryo if fertilization occurs
The layer that grows and is sloughed off each month during menstruation

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30
Q

Fornix

A

Shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion

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31
Q

What are the three functions of the vagina?

A

Passageway for menstrual fluid elimination
Receives spermatozoa during intercourse
Forms inferior portion of birth canal

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32
Q

Vulva

A

Area containing female external genitalia

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33
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

Labia Minora
Clitoris
Labia Major

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34
Q

Labia Minora

A

Central space bounded by small tissue folds

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35
Q

What open into vestibule?

A

Urethra

Vagina

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36
Q

Clitoris

A

Small protuberance in vestibule that has the same embryonic structure (erectile tissue) as a penis

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37
Q

Labia Majora

A

Tissue folds larger and more superficial than labia minora
Form outer limits of vulva
Protect and cover inner structures

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38
Q

Lactation

A

Secretion of milk to nourish infants

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39
Q

What is lactation controlled by?

A

Hormones of reproductive system and placenta

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40
Q

Where are mammary glands?

A

Pectoral fat pads deep to skin of chest

Superior to pectoralis muscles

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41
Q

Nipple

A

Contains ducts from mammary glands to surface

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42
Q

How many sinuses are in each breast?

A

15-20 that open to each nipple

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43
Q

Areola

A

Reddish-brown skin around each nipple that serves as a guide for infants to find the nip

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44
Q

What is each breast separated into?

A

Lobes containing mammary glands

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45
Q

What are breast lobes separated into?

A

Lobules

46
Q

Mammary Gland Ducts

A

Leave lobules of glands

Converge to form a single lactiferous duct in each lobe

47
Q

Lactiferous Duct

A

Enlarges to form expanded chamber

48
Q

Lactiferous Sinus

A

Expanded chamber from a lactiferous duct

49
Q

Oogenesis

A

Egg production

50
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

Before birth

51
Q

First Stage of Oogenesis

A

Oogonium with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and forms a primary oocyte

52
Q

Second Stage of Oogenesis

A

A primary oocyte starts meiosis but freezes the process until right before ovulation

53
Q

Where are primary oocytes contained?

A

Primordial Cells

54
Q

Third Stage of Oogenesis

A

Secondary oocytes continue meiosis and then freezes that process until it is ovulated and fertilized, then it finishes it meiosis

55
Q

Fourth Stage of Ooegensis

A

Ovum is released

56
Q

Ovum

A

Secondary oocyte that is ovulated

57
Q

How are primary oocytes produced?

A

Oogonium undergo mitosis

58
Q

What age do primary oocytes undergo meiosis?

A

Between 3-7 months in utero meiosis stops mid process (before the first division)

59
Q

What surround primary oocytes?

A

Follicular cells

60
Q

Primordial Follicle

A

Follicular cells + Primary oocyte

61
Q

What happens at the start of puberty in females?

A

FSL levels rise and stimulate a group of primordial follicles to develop further each month

62
Q

Primary follicle cells containing primary oocyte are made by…

A

Follicle cells dividing and growing and forming several layers around the primary oocyte

63
Q

How many of the oocytes made will continue to grow and ovulated per month?

A

1

64
Q

What hormone do follicular cells produce/raise?

A

Estrogen

65
Q

What is the follicle known as by the 10th-14th day of cycle?

A

Tertiary Follicle

Graafian Follicle

66
Q

How is the first part of meiosis completed in an oocyte?

A

On day 14, an increase in LH causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosis 1

67
Q

What does the completion of meiosis 1 of an oocyte create?

A

Secondary oocyte

Polar body

68
Q

What stimulates LH release?

A

Once estrogen levels reach a peak and stay there for 36 hours, LH is released and its amount spikes

69
Q

What is the result in an increase in LH?

A

Creates an ovum that can be fertilized

70
Q

Atresia

A

Degeneration of primordial follicles

71
Q

How many primordial follicles are females born with?

A

2 million

72
Q

How many primordial follicles do females have at puberty?

A

About 200,000-400,000

73
Q

How many oocytes will be ovulated in a female’s lifetime?

A

400 secondary ooctyes

74
Q

Why does oogenesis produce 1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies?

A

The primary oocyte divides unevenly

75
Q

When does meiosis in secondary oocyte complete?

A

Upon fertilization

76
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Follicular cells surrounding secondary oocyte

77
Q

What happens to the leftover corona radiata after ovulation?

A

The empty tertiary follicles collapse into corpus luteum

78
Q

What do corpus luteum cells produce?

A

Progesterone

79
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Helps maintain the lining of the uterus in case pregnancy occurs

80
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

It degrades into corpus albicans and is reabsorbed

81
Q

What does HCG do?

A

It is present when embryo is developing and it stimulates corpus luteum

82
Q

Two Phases of Ovarian Cycle

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

83
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of ovarian cycle?

A

During day 1-14 (before ovulation) the oocyte develops into primary/secondary/tertiary cells

84
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle?

A

After ovulation, day 15-28, corpus luteum actively secretes progesterone

85
Q

The Uterine Cycle Consists Of…

A

Menses
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase

86
Q

Menses

A

Menstruation
Occurs during ovarian follicular phase
Day 1-7 of cycle

87
Q

Proliferative Phase of Uterine Cycle

A

Occurs during ovarian follicular phase

Endometrium grows back in preparation for next egg to be ovulated

88
Q

Secretory Phase of Uterine Cycle

A

After ovulation
Occurs during ovarian luteal phase
Allows egg to implant nicely with nutrients if it is fertilized

89
Q

Menstruation

A

Degeneration of the functional zone of the endometrium

90
Q

Why does the functional zone of endometrium die and slough off?

A

Lack of blood flow caused by constriction of the spiral arteries

91
Q

What does a constriction of spiral arteries in endometrium do?

A

Reduces blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients

92
Q

When does growth and vascularization from basilar zone on endometrium occur?

A

Proliferative phase

93
Q

What does growth and vascularization of endometrium do?

A

Completely restores functional zone of endometrium

94
Q

What happens in the ovaries during the uterine proliferative phase?

A

Primary and secondary follicles enlarge

95
Q

How is the uterine proliferative phase stimulated and sustained?

A

Estrogens secreted by developing ovarian follicles

96
Q

When do endometrial glands enlarge?

A

Secretory phase

97
Q

What happens when endometrial glands enlarge?

A

It increases the rate of secretions that nourish a developing embryo

98
Q

How long does the uterine secretory phase last?

A

As long as corpus luteum remains intact

99
Q

What does GnRH stimulate in females?

A

It triggers primordial follicles to begin maturing

Stimulates LH

100
Q

GnRH is stimulated more often…

A

Releasing more LH

101
Q

GnRH is stimulated less…

A

Releasing more FSH

102
Q

What does estrogen produced by follicular cells trigger?

A

Proliferative phase in uterus

103
Q

What does a drop in progesterone mean?

A

No pregnancy

104
Q

What happens if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans
Decrease in progesterone levels
Triggers menses

105
Q

Menarche

A

First uterine cycle that begins at puberty

106
Q

Why did female puberty starting earlier and earlier?

A

Environmental elements that have estrogen in food/plastic/etc

107
Q

Menopause

A

Termination of uterine cycles

Decreasing hormone production

108
Q

When does menopause usually happen?

A

Between 45-55

109
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Lack of menstrual cycle

110
Q

What are the causes of amenorrhea?

A

Too little body fat
Physical/emotional stress
Other hormone disruptions

111
Q

Why does too little body fat cause amenorrhea?

A

Adipose releases leptin
Leptin stimulates hypothalamus
When not enough GnRH from hypothalamus occurs, not enough LH and FSH are secreted

HES235-Test 4 (3 decks)

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