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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 12: Psychedelic Drugs > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Psychedelic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of psychedelics

A
  1. true psychedelics
  2. mixed psychedelic-stimulant drugs
  3. abused deliriants
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2
Q

most psych drugs structurally resemble (3)

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. catecholamines (NE, DA)
  3. indolamines (serotonin)
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3
Q

5 types of psych drugs

A
  1. anti-cholinergic
  2. catecholamine-like
  3. serotonin-like
  4. NMDA eceptor antagonists
  5. opioid kappa receptor antagonists
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4
Q

ex. of anticholinergic psych drug

A

scopolamine

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5
Q

ex. of catecholamine-like psychedelic drug

A

mescaline

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6
Q

ex. of serotonin-like

A

LSD

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7
Q

ex. of glutaminergic NMDA receptor antag

A

PCP, ketamine, DXM

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8
Q

ex. of opioid kappa receptor agonist

A

salvinorin A

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9
Q

MoA of scopolamine

A

muscarinic antagonist

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10
Q

scopolamine category

A

anticholinergic

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11
Q

4 CNS effects of scopolamine

A
  1. sedation
  2. cog impairment
  3. amnesia
  4. delirium
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12
Q

7 PNS effects of scopolamine

A
  1. dry mouth/skin
  2. reduced sweating
  3. increased body temp
  4. dilated pupils
  5. blurred vision
  6. tachycardia
  7. hypertension
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13
Q

8 low dose effects of scopolamine

A
  1. drowsiness
  2. mild euphoria
  3. amnesia
  4. delirium
  5. confusion
  6. dreamless sleep
  7. loss of attention
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14
Q

5 higher dose effects of scopolamine

A
  1. delirium
  2. confusion
  3. stupor
  4. coma
  5. respiratory depression
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15
Q

how long for scopolamine effects to clear

A

36-48 hours

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16
Q

3 catecholamine-like psychedelics

A
  1. mescaline
  2. MDMA
  3. nutmeg
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17
Q

what structural distinctions are present in catecholamine-like psychedelics?

A

metoxy groups

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18
Q

catechol-like psychs exert __ and ___ action

A

stimulant and hallucinogenic

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19
Q

psych actions of catechol occur by augmenting

A

serotonergic neurotransmission; agonists at 5-HT2A postsynaptic receptors

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20
Q

catechol can also be thought of as mixed ___ and ___ agonists

A

DA and 5HT

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21
Q

mescaline comes from ___

A

peyote cactus

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22
Q

mescaline structurally resembles

A

NE

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23
Q

mescaline psych effects due to ___ action at ___

A

agonistic

5HT2A

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24
Q

when administered orally, mescaline is ___ absorbed

A

completely and rapidly

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25
Q

when is significant concentration of mescaline reached?

A

1-2 hours

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26
Q

when are acute psychomimetic states reached from mescaline?

A

3-4 hours

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27
Q

where are the most prominent effects of mescaline?

A

visual system

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28
Q

how long does one dose of mescaline last?

A

10 hours

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29
Q

what pattern on brain does mescaline cause?

A

hyperfrontal

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30
Q

6 effects of mescaline oral dose

A
  1. visual hallucinations
  2. anxiety
  3. impaired space perception
  4. dissolution of ego boundaries
  5. sympathomimetic effects
  6. hyperreflexia of limbs and tremors
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31
Q

at low doses, synthetic amphetamine derivatives are a ___

A

moderate behavioral stimulant

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32
Q

at high doses, synth amphet derivs have __ effect

A

psychedelic

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33
Q

DOM is ___ more potent than mescaline

A

100x

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34
Q

3 toxic reactions to DOM

A
  1. tremors/convulsions
  2. prostration
  3. death
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35
Q

synthetic amphet derivatves last for ___

A

6-8 hours, hallucinations

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36
Q

the pharmacological effects of MDA, MDE (designer psychedelics) imitate ___

A

mescaline and LSD; mix of catecholamine and serotonin interactions

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37
Q

MDA is a metabolite of ___ and is ___ lethal

A

MDMA; more lethal

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38
Q

schedule for AMT and Foxy

A

1

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39
Q

AMT onset and duration

A

3-4h; 12-24h

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40
Q

Foxy onset and duration

A

1-2h; 3-6h

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41
Q

3 neurotoxic effects of MDMA

A
  1. affects brain microvasculature
  2. affects white matter maturation
  3. damages axons
42
Q

MDMA MoA

A

reduces serotonin transporter binding; can damage presynaptic sereotonin transporter receptors

43
Q

5 persistent psychiatric effects of MDMA

A
  1. impaired verbal and visual memory
  2. impaired decision making/lack of self control
  3. panic attacks
  4. paranoia
  5. depression
44
Q

MDMA acts as a presynaptic releasing agent of (3). it acts as a ___

A
  1. serotonin
  2. NE
  3. DA
    competitive reuptake inhibitor
45
Q

6 negative effects of MDMA

A
  1. increased body temp and blood pressure
  2. jaw clenching
  3. suppressed appetite
  4. restlessness
  5. impaired gait
  6. insomnia
46
Q

what drug blocks fatal response to MDMA?

A

dantrolene

47
Q

myristicin and elemicin dose

A

1-2tsp

48
Q

6 effects of myristicin and elemicin

A
  1. confusion/disorientation
  2. impending doom
  3. depersonalization/unreality
  4. euphoria
  5. visual hallucinations
  6. acute psychotic reactions
49
Q

2 unpleasant side effects of myristicin and elemicin

A
  1. nausea

2. tremors

50
Q

4 serotonin-like psychedelics

A
  1. LSD
  2. DMT
  3. bufotenine
  4. psilocybin
51
Q

where do 5HT-like exert effects?

A

5HT2A

52
Q

where does LSD activate receptors? (2)

A
  1. medial PFC

2. ACC

53
Q

who initially promoted LSD use?

A

timothy leary

54
Q

LSD first synthesized by ___

A

albert hoffman

55
Q

oral dose of LSD

A

25-300 micrograms

56
Q

how fast is LSD absorbed? peak blood levels?

A

60 min, 3h

57
Q

LSD duration of action

A

6-8 hours

58
Q

largest amounts of LSD are found in ___

A

liver

59
Q

LSD is metabolized to __ before excretion

A

2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD

60
Q

5 physiological effects of LSD

A
  1. slight increase in temp
  2. pupil dilation
  3. slightly increased HR and BP
  4. dizziness/nausea
  5. drowsiness
61
Q

lethal dose of LSD

A

14,000 micrograms

62
Q

8 psychological effects of LSD

A
  1. pupil dilation
  2. perceptual alterations
  3. alt in thinking, emotion, self image
  4. slowed time
  5. decreased vigilance and logical thought
  6. loss of boundaries/fear of fragmentation
  7. mood can shift from depression to gaiety
  8. tension and anxiety
63
Q

how fast does tolerance to LSD go away?

A

several days

64
Q

lab animals do or do not self administer LSD?

A

don’t

65
Q

5 adverse reactions to LSD

A
  1. chronic psychotic states
  2. major affective disorder
  3. exacerbation of preexisting mental illness
  4. disruption of personality or chronic brain syndrome
  5. post hallucinogenic perceptual disorder
66
Q

what part of brain is altered in LSD? what are the effects?

A

neocortex, which modulates awareness of surroundings and only lets in essential info; LSD opens the filter

67
Q

what is hallucinogenic persisting perception disorder?

A

long term recurrence of symptoms that appeared during LSD intoxication

68
Q

DMT is structurally related to ___, and binds at ___

A

serotonin; 5HT2A

69
Q

ayahuasca is combo of ___

A

harmine and DMT

70
Q

4 negative psych effects of DMT

A
  1. thought disorder
  2. paranoia
  3. anxiety
  4. disorientation
71
Q

3 attractive psychological effects of DMT

A
  1. visual hallucinations
  2. loss of control
  3. euphoria alt w anxiety
72
Q

how long does DMT last?

A

30 min

73
Q

bufotenine comes from ___

A

toad

74
Q

bufotenine mech of action

A

potent agonist at 5HT2A

75
Q

psilocybin is turned into ___

A

psilocin, it’s a pro drug

76
Q

psilocybin exerts potent action at __ and ___ receptors

A

5HT2A and 5HT1A

77
Q

3 effects of psilocybin

A
  1. changes in mood/thinking
  2. illusions/visual hallucinations
  3. impaired ego functioning
78
Q

psilocybin effects peak, duration

A

2h, 6-10h

79
Q

psilocybin intoxication is comparable to a ___

A

schizophrenia-like psychosis

80
Q

what is legal x

A

mix of BZP and TFMPP (benzylpiperazine, 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine)

81
Q

TFMPP is a ___ agonist

A

serotonergic

82
Q

3 NMDA receptor antagonists

A

PCP
ketamine
DXM

83
Q

5 PCP effects

A
  1. altered perception
  2. disorganized thought
  3. cog dysfunction
  4. suspiciousness/paranoia
  5. confusion
84
Q

how is PCP consumed? (4)

A

powders, tablets, leaf mixtures, crystals

85
Q

3 ketamine effects

A
  1. amnesia
  2. analgesia
  3. maintains blood pressure and respiration
86
Q

toxic effect of ketamine

A

causes persistent schizophrenic symptomatology

87
Q

PCP and ket mechanisms of action (2)

A

noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA/glut receptors

(1) block open channel by occupying site w/in receptor
(2) and reduce frequency of opening NMDA channel by binding to a 2nd attachment site outside

88
Q

2 ways ket and PCP exert analgesic action

A
  1. blocking NMDA receptors in spinal cord

2. activating descending analgesic pathways involving NE and DA

89
Q

smoked PCP leads to peak effects in ___

A

15 min

90
Q

oral absorption of PCP leads to peak blood levels in ___

A

2 hours

91
Q

4 NMDA receptor antag low dose effects

A
  1. agitation
  2. euphoria
  3. disinhibition
  4. excitement
92
Q

4 high dose effects of NMDA antag

A
  1. coma
  2. stupor
  3. seizures
  4. resp depression
93
Q

side fx/toxicity of NMDA antag (4)

A
  1. severe anxiety
  2. panic
  3. paranoia
  4. rage
94
Q

4 treatments for PCP and ket OD

A
  1. minimize sensory input
  2. charcoal (binds to PCP in stomach and prevents absorp)
  3. physical restraint
  4. sedation with benzos or AAP
95
Q

MoA of DXM

A

blockade of NMDA receptors

96
Q

7 side effects of DXM

A
  1. tachycardia
  2. hypertension
  3. sleepiness
  4. slurred speech
  5. disorientation
  6. tremors
  7. psychosis
97
Q

how long does salvia last?

A

several min to 1 hour

98
Q

the effect of salvia is comparable to ___

A

psilocybin mushrooms

99
Q

effective dose of salvia

A

200-500 micrograms

100
Q

salvia binds only to ___

A

k opioid receptor

101
Q

bath salts act like ___ on DAT

A

cocaine

102
Q

4 effects of flakka

A
  1. murderous rage
  2. paranoia
  3. ultraviolence
  4. running around screaming

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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