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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 13: Cannabinoid Agonists/Antagonists > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Cannabinoid Agonists/Antagonists Flashcards

1
Q

marijuana is a mild ___ agent

A

sedative-hypnotic

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2
Q

4 ways THC resembles ethyl alcohol effects

A
  1. disrupted attn
  2. short term memory
  3. altered sensory awareness
  4. altered control of motor movement and posture
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3
Q

main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis

A

delta9 tetrahydro-cannabinol

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4
Q

THC is sold commercially as ___

A

Marinol

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5
Q

3 other significant ingredients in cannabis

A
  1. cannabinol
  2. cannabidiol
  3. terpenes
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6
Q

hashish (%)?

A

dried resinous exudate of female flowers (10-20%)

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7
Q

sinsemilla (%)

A

dried tops of unfertilized female plants (5-8%, no seeds)

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8
Q

bhang

A

dried remainder of plant; THC content 2-5%

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9
Q

3 methods of marijuana consumption

A
  1. smoking

2. vaping

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10
Q

firecracker

A

nutella or peanut butter on a cracker with weed sprinkled on top

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11
Q

2 extraction methods for edibles

A
  1. butter

2. alcohol

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12
Q

when was cannabis considered a narcotic that caused violent behavior?

A

1920s

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13
Q

when did weed get its public image as a killer drug?

A

1930s-1940s

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14
Q

what 2 groups don’t support weed legalization?

A

seniors

republicans

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15
Q

how many americans use marijuana?

A

15 million

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16
Q

what percentage of teenagers had smoked marijuana in the past month?

A

25%

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17
Q

heavy use at early age is associated with ___

A

psychopathology later in life

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18
Q

sativex

A

THC + CBD 1:1

oramucosal mouth spray

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19
Q

6 args in favor of legalization

A
  1. legal consistency
  2. regulation
  3. crime
  4. destroys lives
  5. racism
  6. cost
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20
Q

2 endocannabinoids

A
  1. anandamide

2. 2-AG

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21
Q

THC mimics the action of __

A

anandamide

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22
Q

2 cannabinoid receptors THC binds to

A

CB1

CB2

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23
Q

where are CB1 receptors?

A

brain and spinal cords

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24
Q

where are CB2?

A

periphery

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25
Q

CB receptors are ___

A

metabotropic; 7 membrane spanning reasons

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26
Q

when THC binds to CB receptors, what second messenger does it activate?

A

adenylate cyclase

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27
Q

what does adenylate cyclase ultimately do?

A

inhibits glu release

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28
Q

there are ___ more CB1 receptors than opioid receptors in the brain

A

10-20x

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29
Q

CB1 receptor function in frontal cortex (4)

A
  1. psychoactive effects
  2. distortions of time/sound/color/taste
  3. inability to concentrate
  4. dreamlike state
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30
Q

CB1 function in hippocampus (2)

A
  1. memory

2. coding of sensory input

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31
Q

CB1 function in bg & cerebellum

A

movement & postural control

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32
Q

CB1 function in spinal cord

A

on nociceptors in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion

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33
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

responsible for pain

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34
Q

are there CB1 receptors in brain stem?

A

no

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35
Q

why doesnt weed affect respiration?

A

no CB1 receptors in brain stem

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36
Q

4 areas with CB2 receptors

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. heart
  3. tissues involved in inflammation and pain response
  4. some immune cells
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37
Q

anandamide blocks ___ responses

A

nerve growth factor protein-induced pain and inflammatory response

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38
Q

retrograde signaling

A

released from postsynaptic cell and act on presynaptic terminal

39
Q

activation of presynaptic cannabinoid receptors temporarily ___

A

reduces amount of conventional NT release

40
Q

endocannabinoid-mediated system permits ___

A

the postsynaptic cell to control its own incoming synaptic traffic

41
Q

when the release of GABA is reduced, the net postsynaptic effect is ___

A

increase in postsynaptic excitation

42
Q

typical marijuana ciagarette contains ___

A

75mg of THC; 25-50% available in smoke

43
Q

how long does weed last?

A

2-3 hours

44
Q

THC is metabolized by ___

A

CYP450

45
Q

THC active metabolite

A

11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC

46
Q

inactive THC metabolite

A

carboxy-THC

47
Q

how long is carboxy-THC present in urine?

A

1-3 days in infrequent smokers
7-21 in regular smokers
30 days in chronic smokers

48
Q

THC is stored in ___

A

body fat

49
Q

THC can persist in body for ___. longer in who?

A

days to 2 weeks

chronic and obese smokers

50
Q

reverse tolerance

A

delayed elimination prolongs and intensifies effects of subsequently smoked marijuana

51
Q

5 ways CNS effects vary

A
  1. dose
  2. route
  3. experience
  4. vulnerability
  5. setting
52
Q

mice lacking CB receptors have ___ (4)

A
  1. higher mortality rates
  2. weight loss
  3. less active
  4. lower pain thresholds
53
Q

4 THC and opioid effects

A
  1. analgesia
  2. sedation
  3. hypothermia
  4. hypotension
54
Q

THC activates CB1 receptors in (2), which stimulates ___

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. limbic structures
    appetite for sweet and fattening foods
55
Q

possible MoA for memory problems

A

activation of CB1 receptors in hippocampus

56
Q

how long can adverse cognitive effects last?

A

1 month

57
Q

THC impaires (4)

A
  1. coordination
  2. perception
  3. reaction time
  4. attention
58
Q

2 high dose effects of THC

A
  1. acute depressive reactions

2. acute panic reaction/mild paranoia

59
Q

cannabis exposure can contribute to ___ in adolescents with ___. cannabis is likely a ___

A

schizophreniform psychosis
family history
component cause

60
Q

cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorders involve disturbances in DA NT systems, with which the cannabinoid sys interacts

61
Q

THC and anandamide active the ___

A

mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system

62
Q

cannabis use during adolescence increases risk of non-affective psychosis in people who ___

A

experienced childhood sexual trauma

63
Q

LD50

A

ratio of lethal to effective is ~1000

64
Q

CB2 receptors in heart might protect against ___

A

ischemic attacks

65
Q

marijuana smoking increases risk of lung cancer by ___

A

8% for each year of combined tobacco and marijuana use

66
Q

2 effects of chronic use by males

A
  1. reduced testosterone

2. reduced sperm formation

67
Q

2 effects of chronic use by females

A
  1. reduced level of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
  2. impact on menstrual cycles and anovulatory cycles
68
Q

4 effects on fetus

A
  1. impaired visuospatial function
  2. impulsivity/inattention
  3. depressive symptoms
  4. later substance abuse
69
Q

fetal exposure is similar to effect of ___. why?

A

prenatal stress

impacts endocannabinoid system; exposure may interfere with stress coping ability

70
Q

infants born to marijuana-smoking mothers may display (3)

A
  1. tremulousness
  2. abnormal responses to stimuli
  3. neurobehavioral performance deficits
71
Q

chronic marijuana use (2)

A

downregulates and desensitizes CB1 receptors (behavioral tolerance)

72
Q

__ in 10 people who smoke cannabis become dependent

A

1

73
Q

8 withdrawal symptoms

A
  1. irritability
  2. anxiety
  3. craving
  4. disrupted sleep
  5. aggression
  6. depression
  7. decreased appetite
  8. weight loss
74
Q

dronabinol

A

synthetic formulation of THC; most effective pharmacotherapy for withdrawal

75
Q

naltrexone effectiveness

A

moderate, but can be overcome with high doses of cannabis

76
Q

3 investigated medicines

A
  1. rimonabant (CB1 receptor reverse agonist)
  2. bupropion
  3. buspirone (serotonergic antidepressant)
77
Q

6 effects of THC/things it can treat

A
  1. pain relief
  2. appetite stimulant
  3. glaucoma treatment
  4. sleep aid
  5. anti-epileptic
  6. muscle spasm relief
78
Q

3 cannabinoids

A
  1. THC
  2. cannabidiol (CBD)
  3. cannabinol (CBN)
79
Q

6 effects of CBD

A
  1. pain relief
  2. anti inflammatory
  3. anti epileptic
  4. strengthens bones
  5. anti nausea
  6. reduces negative effects of THC
80
Q

is CBN psychoactive?

A

mildly

81
Q

how is CBN produced?

A

degradation of THC

82
Q

CBN MoA

A

weak agonist at CB1 and CB2

83
Q

which receptor does CBN have higher affinity to?

A

CB2

84
Q

what effect is CBN responsible for?

A

couch lock

85
Q

synthetic THC

A

dronabinol

86
Q

terpenes; how many?

A

100+; aromatic compounds in cannabis

87
Q

5 terpenes

A
  1. A-pinene
  2. linalool
  3. beta caryophyllene
  4. myrcene
  5. limonene
88
Q

ensemble effect

A

all compounds in weed work together to produce a greater effect

89
Q

sativa may have a higher ___ ratio than indica

A

CBD:THC

90
Q

indicas tend to be more psychoactive due to higher ___

A

THC:CBD ratio

91
Q

indicas are used to relieve/treat (4)

A
  1. relieve stress
  2. aid with sleep
  3. muscle spasms
  4. nausea
92
Q

drugs that stimulate cannabinoid receptor synthetically

A

cannabinomimetics

93
Q

cannabinomimetics are ___ in blood and urine

A

undetectable

94
Q

___ is more potent than THC

A

JWH-018

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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