Lecture 13: Clinical Correlations (Big Picture) (Stone) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 13: Clinical Correlations (Big Picture) (Stone) Deck (28)
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0
Q

Why is the proximal tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle especially susceptible to ischemic or toxic injury?

A

They have a very high metabolic rate (very oxygen dependent) and have many transport functions

1
Q

2 causes of acute tubular necrosis

A

ischemia or toxins

2
Q

hypovolemia

A

chronic dehydration

3
Q

diarrhea –> renal blood flow

A

decreases

4
Q

Hypoxic injury to prox. tubule and thick ascending limb results in:

A
  • rapid depletion of ATP
  • inactivity of Na/K ATPase pump
  • increased intracellular Ca
  • cell swelling/death
5
Q

increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule due to intraluminal obstruction –> GFR

A

decreases

6
Q

isosthenuria

A

failure to concentrate urine

7
Q

sever proteinuria + low blood protein (albumin) indicates:

A

Glomerular disease

8
Q

What could you look at to differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia?

A

specific gravity of urine. Prerenal should have concentrated urine.

9
Q

deposition of Ag-Ab complexes along basement membrane in the subendothelial space of a glomerulus leads to:

A

damage to basement membrane in glomerulus and leakage

10
Q

dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

11
Q

stranguria

A

straining to urinate, with the normal rate and flow of voiding decreased and effort increased

12
Q

pollakuria

A

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

13
Q

urinary incontinence

A

involuntary voiding of urine

14
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine production

15
Q

oliguria

A

scant or subnormal urine production

16
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

17
Q

hemaglobinuria

A

high Hb in the urine

18
Q

myoglobinuria

A

high myoglobin in the urine

19
Q

bilirubinuria

A

high bilirubin in the urine

20
Q

pyruria

A

pus in the urine

21
Q

crystalluria

A

crystals in the urine

22
Q

proteinuria

A

proteins in the urine

23
Q

glucosuria

A

glucose in the urine

24
Q

ketonuria

A

ketones in the urine

25
Q

isosthenuria

A

urine osmolality or specific gravity is in the same range as glomerular filtrate; interpretation requires knowledge of hydration status.

26
Q

uremia

A

combination of clinical signs, impaired metabolic processes and alterations in organ function resulting from failure to excrete waste products through urine

27
Q

azotemia

A

increased concentrations of urea, nitrogen, and creatinine in blood.

  • prerenal = azotemia + concentrated urine
  • renal = azotemia + isosthenuria
  • postrenal = azotemia + variable urine concentration

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