Lecture 13 - Pharynx & Larynx Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of tube is the pharynx
A
fibromuscular
2
Q
Food / drink ->
A
esophagus
3
Q
Air ->
A
larynx and trachea
4
Q
What is the pharynx divide into? (3)
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
5
Q
What kind of structure is the larynx?
A
hollow, musculoligamentous
6
Q
What is the larynx suspended from?
A
the hyoid bone
7
Q
Which layer of the deep cervical fascia encircles the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, etc?
A
visceral layer of pretracheal fascia
8
Q
Why is the hyoid bone so sensitive?
A
because it is isolated from the rest of the skeleton
9
Q
What 5 structures does the hyoid bone connect to?
A
mandible, base of skull, thyroid cartilage, sternum and scapulae
10
Q
What level is the hyoid bone found in?
A
C3 (anterior to the vertebral column)
11
Q
What part of the hyoid bone provides an attachment site for the stylohyoid ligament?
A
the lesser horns
12
Q
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?
A
greater horns, lesser horns, body
13
Q
How does the hyoid connect to the larynx?
A
by the thyrohyoid membrane
14
Q
What are the 3 constrictor muscles?
A
- superior pharyngeal constrictor
- middle pharyngeal constrictor
- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
15
Q
Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor attach?
A
base of the skull and pterygomandibular raphe
16
Q
Where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor attach?
A
hyoid bone (greater horn)
17
Q
Where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor attach?
A
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
18
Q
Where do the circular constrictor muscles relax?
A
inferior to the bolus
19
Q
Where do the circular constrictor muscles contract?
A
superior to the bolus to move it through the digestive tract
20
Q
What are wave-like muscle contractions called?
A
peristalsis
21
Q
What are all pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
A
CN X except stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
22
Q
Which constrictors does the stylopharyngus pass between?
A
superior and middle
23
Q
What is the stylopharyngeus innervated by?
A
CN IX
24
Q
Which tube helps us regulate pressure?
A
the pharyngotympanic tube
25
What are the 3 muscles of the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
26
Which plexus transmits motor and sensory innervation to the pharyngeal muscles?
pharyngeal plexus
27
What are the 2 arches of the mouth?
palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
28
Which fold attaches to the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
salpingopharyngeal fold
29
What is found in the torus tubarius?
the auditory tube
30
What muscle is found in the torus levatorius?
levator veli palatini
31
What kind of tissue are tonsils?
lymphoid tissue
32
What do tonsillar rings surround?
nasal and oral cavities
33
Which ganglion is the location of sympathetic synapses for head and neck structures?
superior cervical ganglion
34
How can we locate the glossopharyngeal nerve in the pharynx?
by looking at the stylopharyngeus muscles
35
How can we locate the vagus nerve in the pharynx?
by finding the superior cervical ganglion
36
What provides sensory innervation to the nasopharynx?
CN V2 (pharyngeal branch)
37
What provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx?
CN IX
38
What provides sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?
CN X
39
Which cartilage contributes to the Adam's apple?
thyroid cartilage
40
What is the laryngeal apparatus from a lateral view? (5)
1. epiglottis
2. hyoid bone
3. thyroid cartilage
4. cricoid cartilage
5. trachea
41
How many unpaired cartilages are in the laryngeal "skeleton"?
3
42
How many sets of paired cartilages are there in the laryngeal "skeleton"?
3
43
What is the function of the membranes and ligaments of the larynx?
connect laryngeal skeleton components + hyoid bone
44
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
alter tension of vocal folds and control opening of rima glottis
45
What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control the opening of?
rima glottis
46
Which cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage?
inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
47
What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?
closed ring; thinner anteriorly
48
What are the 3 parts of the thyroid cartilage?
1. inferior horn
2. laryngeal prominence
3. superior horn
49
What kind of shape is the thyroid cartilage?
U-shaped, open at the back
50
What joint is found between the thyroid cartialge and the cricoid cartilage?
cricothyroid joint
51
What joint is found between the arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?
crico-arytenoid joint
52
Where does the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage face?
anteriorly
53
Where does the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage face?
laterally
54
What is the shape of the arytenoid cartilages?
paired pyramidal
55
What does the epiglottis attach to?
thyroid cartilage (anteriorly)
56
What kind of structure is the epiglottis?
moveable lead-shaped
57
Which membrane is between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?
thyrohyoid membrane
58
What membrane is between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage?
cricothyroid membrane
59
What is the superior edge/free border of the cricothyroid membrane?
vocal ligament
60
What is the vocal ligament called when covered in mucosa?
vocal fold
61
What membrane is between the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages?
quadrangular membrane
62
What forms the free inferior edge of the quadrangular membrane?
vestibular ligament
63
What is the vestibular ligament called when covered in mucosa?
vestibular fold
64
What forms the free superior edge of the quadrangular membrane?
aryepiglottic ligament
65
What is the aryepiglottic ligament called when covered in mucosa?
aryepiglottic fold
66
What is the laryngeal cavity spanned by?
the laryngeal inlet and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
67
What is the laryngeal inlet bounded by?
margin of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds
68
What is between the rima vestibuli?
the vestibular folds
69
What is the rima glottis?
the space between the vocal folds
70
Which space, when opened, helps modulate the voice?
rima glottis
71
Which sinus does food get trapped in?
the pyriform sinus
72
What are the 3 spaces of the larynx?
rima vestibuli, rima glottis, laryngeal ventricles
73
What is the function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
move the cricothyroid and crico-arythnoid joints
74
What are the 2 functions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
1. alter length and tension of vocal folds
2. change size and shape of rima glottis
75
Which muscles are involved in respiration and phonation?
1. transverse & oblique arytenoid mm.
2. aryepiglottic m.
3. lateral cricoarytenoid m.
4. posterior cricoarytenoid m.
76
What is the function of the transverse & oblique arytenoid mm.?
- ADduction of arytenoid cartilages -> close rima glottis
- produce sound
77
What is the function of the aryepiglottic muscle?
decreases diameter of laryngeal inlet
78
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
internal rotation of arytenoids & ADduction of vocal folds -> narrow rima glottis
79
What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
ABduction of vocal folds (via
external rotation of arytenoids) -> open rima glottis
80
Which muscles are involved in regulating pitch?
1. thyroarytenoid m.
2. cricothyroid m.
81
What is the function of the thyroartenoid muscle?
pulls arytenoid cartilages anteriorly -> relax vocal folds
LOWER pitch
82
What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?
tilts thyroid cartilage anteriorly -> tense vocal folds
HIGHER pitch
83
Which nerve provides some sensory and motor innervation to the larynx?
superior laryngeal nerve
84
What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
internal and external branch
85
What innervation does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide? Where?
sensory innervation from superior region
86
What innervation does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide? Where?
motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle
87
What is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of?
the vagus nerve
88
What provides motor innervation to the laryngeal muscles?
- external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent branch of the vagus nerve
89
Which 2 arteries provide blood supply to the larynx?
superior thyroid and infeiror thyroid
90
Which 2 branches of the superior thyroid artery supplies the larynx?
superior laryngeal and cricothyroid branches
91
Which branche of the inferior thyroid artery supplies the larynx?
inferior laryngeal branch
92
What kind of innervation does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide?
motor to all other laryngeal muscles and sensory from inferior region
93
Which two structures act as valves that control the opening of the pharynx to the oral + nasal cavities and larynx/tranchea?
soft palate and epiglottis
94
During breathing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?
they are neutral
95
During breathing + chewing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?
soft palate: depressed
epiglottis: neutral
96
During swallowing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?
soft palate: elevated
epiglottis: depressed
