Lecture 14 & 15

Question 1

corresponds to the frequency of the sound-wave

Answer 1

Pitch

Question 2

Higher frequency sounds are perceived as…..

Answer 2

higher pitch

Question 3

How does frequency/pitch vary?

Answer 3

varied by varying the tension of
the vocal folds and the amount of air passing through.

Question 4

n tone languages, _________ is contrastive with respect
to word meaning

Answer 4

pitch

Question 5

is variation in pitch over an utterance
that is not related to word meaning

Answer 5

Intonation

Question 6

Do tone languages use intonation?

Answer 6

YES; ones vary
relative to the overall pitch contour

Question 7

A long sound is marked in the IPA with ….

Answer 7

ː

Question 8

_________ can also be long or short

Answer 8

Consonants

Question 9

Does English have contrastive length?

Answer 9

Although vowel phonemes differ with respect to length, this is a secondary feature.

Question 10

__________ corresponds (somewhat non-linearly) to amplitude

Answer 10

Loudness

Question 11

what are non-linguistic uses of loudness?

Answer 11

• emotion
• long-distance communication

Question 12

what is the main linguistic use of loudness?

Answer 12

signaling stress

Question 13

is a means of marking prominence

Answer 13

stress

Question 14

A feature of the syllable, not a particular phoneme

Answer 14

stress

Question 15

Stress is marked in the IPA using….

Answer 15

[ˈ] ex. /ˈtɛləgraf/ for telegraph

Question 16

How is stress is signaled vary between languages?

Answer 16

involves an interaction of:
* pitch
* loudness
* length
* vowel quality

Question 17

A word that is stressed on one syllable in one
language may be heard as _________________ in another

Answer 17

stressed on another
syllable

Question 18

From thoughts to sound waves to thoughts…

Answer 18

Linguistic Communication

Question 19

how does a hearer reconstruct the
linguistic form from the sound waves?

Answer 19

Structure

Question 20

Describe the nature of grammar systems

Answer 20

Each part of grammar is a
discrete combinatorial system:
* discrete: well-defined parts
* combinatorial: rules for putting the parts together

Question 21

what do we wanna understand from grammar systems?

Answer 21

For each system, we want to understand
* what the parts are and
* how they can be combined

Question 22

In phonology the basic parts are called…..

Answer 22

phonemes

Question 23

The basic parts of morphology are called…..

Answer 23

morphemes

Question 24

When put together in the right way, phonemes form…

Answer 24

syllables

Question 25

syllables combine to form...

Answer 25

morphemes

Question 26

When morphemes are put together in the right way, they form...

Answer 26

words

Question 27

what generally determines what type of morphemes can be put together and what type of word you end up with?

Answer 27

RULES

Question 28

why can't you rely on spaces to define what a word is?

Answer 28

Spaces only occur in writing — not all languages are written

Question 29

what is a useful rule of thumb when it comes to language?

Answer 29

If something is only relevant to writing, it’s not really a feature of the language

Question 30

What is a Word?

Answer 30

Words are freer than other units in language * They can occur in isolation * Not based on writing! * Not a single chunk of meaning either.

Question 31

are the smallest free forms, i.e., the smallest forms that can occur in isolation

Answer 31

Words

Question 32

are the smallest meaningful units that words are built from

Answer 32

Morphemes

Question 33

They are the parts that contribute a constant meaning in different morphological environments

Answer 33

Morphemes

Question 34

________ have meaning

Answer 34

morphemes

Question 35

_________ do not have meaning

Answer 35

Phonemes

Question 36

_________ morphemes can form a word on their own

Answer 36

Free

Question 37

what are examples of free morphemes?

Answer 37

nouns, verbs, adjectives (bat, run, tall) * typically rich meaning * open class (easy to add new ones)

Question 38

__________ morphemes need to combine with other morphemes to yield a word

Answer 38

bound

Question 39

what are examples of bound morphemes?

Answer 39

-er, -s * (typically) more abstract meaning * closed class (hard to add new ones)

Question 40

WHat is the common structure of complex words?

Answer 40

root + affix

Question 41

free morpheme (typically in English) * “core” of the word (semantically and structurally)

Answer 41

Root

Question 42

bound morpheme * operates on the root’s meaning

Answer 42

Affix

Question 43

what is the root and affix in the word "singer"

Answer 43

root = sing affix = er

Question 44

are mostly free in English (dog, write), but can be bound too

Answer 44

roots

Question 45

typically have a lexical category (“part of speech”)

Answer 45

roots

Question 46

often describe actions!

Answer 46

nouns

Question 47

often don’t describe actions!

Answer 47

verbs

Question 48

What is a distributional test for nouns

Answer 48

syntactic frame

Question 49

What is a distributional test for verbs

Answer 49

morphological frame

Question 50

Can be used attributively and predicatively with nouns

Answer 50

adjectives

Question 51

Spring Break is a __________ noun

Answer 51

compound

Question 52

These possessive words behave like some other words:

Answer 52

The, this, a(n), those etc. DETERMINERS

Question 53

Often required before noun for grammatical sentence:

Answer 53

determiners

Question 54

describe determiners

Answer 54

* Can’t usually have more than one: * *“The this apple”, *The my dog" * Often required before noun for grammatical sentence: * ?”This is cat” * Can’t be used predicatively: * *”Dog is the”

Question 55

draw back to syntactic test

Answer 55

beware of subclasses e.g. count vs mass nouns

Question 56

draw back to morphological test

Answer 56

beware of irregularity e.g. irregular verbs

Question 57

I like your _____

Answer 57

works with nouns

Question 58

I like to _____

Answer 58

works with verbs

Question 59

What is a word?

Answer 59

Smallest free unit

Question 60

What is a morpheme?

Answer 60

Smallest meaningful unit

Question 61

describe how verbs work in Warlpiri

Answer 61

Verbs in Warlpiri take tense suffixes - pina cannot take tense suffixes

Question 62

describe how adjectives work in Warlpiri

Answer 62

Adjectives but not verbs can appear in the frame. - pina can appear here as well

Question 63

what is the conclusion about "pina"

Answer 63

it seems to be an adjective

Question 64

what are the classes of affixes

Answer 64

* Prefixes (re-read, un-loved, mis-placed) * Suffixes (quick-est, quick-er, read-s, book-s) * Infixes Root Part1 - Affix - RootPart2 * Circumfixes AffixPart1 - Root - AffixPart

Question 65

what is an example of a infix?

Answer 65

Bontoc (Philippines)

Question 66

what is an example of a circumfix?

Answer 66

German past participle

Question 67

example of infixes in English

Answer 67

Massa-fuckin-chusetts

Question 68

what do speakers must be able to do regarding a language?

Answer 68

Speakers of a language must store information about morphemes

Question 69

our mental dictionary; where our knowledge of language is stored

Answer 69

Lexicon

Question 70

what type of info are in lexicons?

Answer 70

We must know whether a morpheme is free or bound. We must store the rules for forming words. We seem to store some complex words as units, but we must also store bound morphemes and rules. Spontaneous creation of new words!

Question 71

What does the lexical entry for each morpheme include?

Answer 71

* its pronunciation * its meaning * its lexical category * its word formation rules