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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 15: NS I – Cellular > Flashcards

Lecture 15: NS I – Cellular Flashcards

1
Q

LO1: indicate the overall functions of the nervous system

A

1) stimulate muscles and glands

2) produce quick effects by electrochemical mechanisms

3) contribute to homeostatic feedback loops

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2
Q

central nervous system is composed of…

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

CNS:

brain (explain)

A

central processing center

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4
Q

CNS:

spinal cord (explain)

A

gateway b/n brain and trunk/limbs

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5
Q

periopheral nervous system is composed of…

A

nerves
ganglia

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6
Q

PNS:

nerves (explain)

A

conducting wires (axons)

cordlike structures that conduct information

they are composed of axons of neurons

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7
Q

PNS:

ganglia (explain)

A

contain neuron cell bodies

knotlike swelling in a nerve. It serves as relay centers, where neurons synapse and transmit information to each other

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8
Q

what is the role of the CNS?

A

receives and processes information
initiates action

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9
Q

what is the role of the PNS?

A

transmits signals b/n the CNS and the rest of the body

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10
Q

what is the visceral division?

A

information from internal organs

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11
Q

what is the somatic division?

A

information from skin, muscles, bones, joints

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12
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

relay information about stimuli such as temperature, pressure, light, pain, and certain chemicals back to the brain

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13
Q

PNS:

somatic sensory division (function)

A

sensory nerves from the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints

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14
Q

PNS:

somatic motor division (function)

A

voluntary muscle contractions

involuntary somatic reflexes

motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscles

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15
Q

PNS:

visceral sensory division (function)

A

detects changes in the viscera (the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

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16
Q

PNS:

visceral motor division (function)

A

autonomic NS –> it is largely autonomic

controls: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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17
Q

LO4: describe the 3 functional properties found in all neurons

A

1) excitability
2) conductivity
3) secretion

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18
Q

describe the 3 functional properties found in all neurons:

1) excitability

A

irritability

respond to environmental changes (stimuli)

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19
Q

describe the 3 functional properties found in all neurons:

2) conductivity

A

produce electrical signals that travel along nerve fibers (axons) to reach other cells at distant locations

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20
Q

describe the 3 functional properties found in all neurons:

3) secretion

A

nerve fiber endings (axon terminals) release chemical neurotransmitters that influence other cells

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21
Q

are sensory cells afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

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22
Q

are motor cells afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

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23
Q

are afferent cells sensory or motor?

A

sensory

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24
Q

are efferent cells sensory or motor?

A

motor

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25
Q

examples of somatic sensory division organs

A

eye
skin
skeletal muscle

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26
Q

example of somatic motor division organs

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

example of visceral sensory division organs

A

urinary bladder

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28
Q

example of visceral motor division organs

A

heart
urinary bladder

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29
Q

structures of the PNS:

A

ganglia
nerves

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30
Q

structures of the CNS:

A

neural cortex
nuclei
tracts
columns

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31
Q

ganglia (what are they, what nervous system?)

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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32
Q

nerves (what are they, what nervous system?)

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

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33
Q

nuclei (what are they, what nervous system)

A

collection of neuron cell bodies int eh interior of the CNS

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34
Q

tracts (what are they, what nervous system)

A

bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function

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35
Q

columns (what are they, what nervous system)

A

several tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass

in the CNS

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36
Q

the CNS has various ___ that integrate all of the information

A

centers

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37
Q

lower centers in the CNS

A

include the spinal cord
carry out essential body functions

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38
Q

higher centers of the CNS

A

control more sophisticated information processing

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39
Q

afferent signals are ___ transmissions that come from ___

A

input

receptors

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40
Q

efferent signals are ___ transmissions that go to ___

A

output

effectors

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41
Q

pathway from PNS to CNS back to PNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons –> interneurons –> motor (efferent) neurons

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42
Q

what do interneurons do? where are they located?

A

“between”
in charge of “integrative function”
confined w/in CNS
converts sensory (afferent) signal to motor (efferent) signal

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43
Q

dendrites (explain)

A

chemically regulated ion gates respond to stimulation by neurotransmitters

receive signals from other neurons

the more dendrites the more information it can receive

44
Q

soma (explain)

A

AKA neurosoma, cell body, perikaryon

produces neurotransmitters

the neuron’s control center (metabolic and regulatory functions)

45
Q

trigger zone (explain)

A

axon hillock + initial segment

plays important role in initiating nerve signal

46
Q

axon (explain)

A

nerve fiber

only the axon has voltage regulated ion gates

“the conducting region”

47
Q

where does the axon originate?

A

the axon hillock

48
Q

what is axon collateral?

A

axons branches near the soma

cylindrical and relatively unbranched

49
Q

what is terminal arborization?

A

extensive branches at the distal end of an axon

50
Q

what is a terminal button?

A

a bulbous axon terminal at the end of each axon

51
Q

what is the secretory region of the neuron?

A

the axon terminal

52
Q

composition of the neurosoma:

the cytoskeleton of the neurosoma is made up of ___, which are…

A

neurofibrils

bundles of actin filaments

53
Q

composition of the neurosoma:

neurofibrils compartmentalize the rough ER into dark-staining regions called ___

A

chromatophilic substance

54
Q

composition of the neurosoma:

what is chromatophilic substance? AKA…
what is its function?

A

AKA Nissl bodies

stained masses of rough (granular) ER and ribosome

separated by bundles of neurofibrils

involved in protein synthesis

55
Q

composition of neurosoma:

lipofuscin granules (explain)

A

products of lysosomal activity

“aging” pigment –> they accumulate with age and push the nucleus to one side of the cell

56
Q

LO7: compare structural classes of neuron (according to the number of processes extending from the soma)

multipolar neurons (descriptions, types, and examples)

A

1 axon + multiple dendrites

most neurons fo the brain and spinal cord

ex. purkinje cell of cerebellum and pyramidal cell

57
Q

LO7: compare structural classes of neuron (according to the number of processes extending from the soma)

bipolar neurons (descriptions, types, and examples)

A

1 axon + 1 dendrite

sensory neurons that are located in some special sense organs

ex. olfactory cell and retinal cell

58
Q

LO7: compare structural classes of neuron (according to the number of processes extending from the soma)

unipolar neurons (descriptions, types, and examples)

A

a single process leading away from soma –> peripheral process (axon) and central process (axon)

most are primary or first-order sensory neurons (touch and pain)

ex. dorsal root ganglion cell

59
Q

LO7: compare structural classes of neuron (according to the number of processes extending from the soma)

anaxonic neurons (descriptions, types, and examples)

A

no axon, just dendrites

they communicate locally (no action potential)

60
Q

LO8: indicate which materials use retrograde and anterograde transport, and the direction and velocity of this transport

what do microtubules do in a neuron?

A

they are the track for organelle transport in neurons

61
Q

LO8: indicate which materials use retrograde and anterograde transport, and the direction and velocity of this transport

axonal transport happens in ___ direction

A

each

62
Q

LO8: indicate which materials use retrograde and anterograde transport, and the direction and velocity of this transport

retrograde (describe)

A

up the axon toward the soma

fast – transports recycled materials, pathogens, and toxins

63
Q

LO8: indicate which materials use retrograde and anterograde transport, and the direction and velocity of this transport

anterograde (describe)

A

down the axon away from the soma

fast – organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles, small molecules

slow – enzymes, cytoskeletal components, supplies new axoplasm

64
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

there are ~___ neurons in the nervous system

A

~1 trillion

65
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

neuroglia (glial cells) outnumber neurons by at least ___ [non-neuronal cells]

A

10:1

66
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

general functions of glial cells

A

bind neurons together – “glia” means “glue”

in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination

cover mature neurons (except at synapses) – gives precision to conduction pathways

provide physical and metabolic support to neurons

67
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

peripheral nervous system – 2 types are…

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

68
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

Schwann cell (what nervous system and what function)

A

PNS

assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

69
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

satellite cell (what nervous system and what function)

A

PNS

provide electrical insulation
regulate the chemical environment

70
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

central nervous system – 4 types are…

A

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglial cells

71
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

oligodendrocytes (what nervous system and what function)

A

CNS

their processes form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

72
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

ependymal cells (what nervous system and what function)

A

CNS

line cavities

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

cilia help to circulate CSF

73
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

astrocytes (what nervous system and what function)

A

CNS

the most abundant

convert glucose to lactate; supply this to neurons

produce growth factors

regulate the extracellular environment (chemical composition)

form the blood-brain barrier

74
Q

LO9: name and functions of the 6 types of cells that aid neurons

microglial cells (what nervous system and what function)

A

CNS

specialized population of macrophages

defensive cells (phagocytic) – they remove damaged neurons and infections

75
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

insulation around the axon is ___% protein and ___% lipid

A

20% protein
80% lipid

76
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

myelin sheath is formed by plasma membrane of ___ from

A

glial cells

oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS

77
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

greater myelination means ___ action potential conduction velocity

A

greater

78
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

what is the neurilemma?

A

the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells

79
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

regeneration of damaged PNS nerve fiber (axon) can occur if:

A

soma intact + at least some neurilemma remains

80
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

what is Node of Ranvier?

A

gaps b/n myelinated segments (internodes) of CNS axons

81
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

what is internode?

A

myelin-covered segments of CNS axons

82
Q

LO10: Analyze the composition and importance of the myelin sheath covering certain fibers:

a Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around ___ fibers

A

several

83
Q

define action potential:

A

a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential

84
Q

phases of an action potential:

(2) depolarization (define and describe)

A

refers to the increase in the positivity of mb potential

when the cell reaches threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing an AP

85
Q

phases of an action potential:

(1) stimulus (define and describe)

A

ligand-gated sodium channels open in response to ACh, allowing for Na+ influx inside the cell and depolarize cell to threshold

86
Q

phases of an action potential:

the negative resting membrane potentiation is primarily determined by…

A

the movement of K+ out of the cell

K+ leak channels are always open –> ask K+ leaks out, inside of membrane becomes more negative

87
Q

phases of an action potential:

(3) depolarization (define and describe)

A

at high mb potential, Na+ channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open, repolarizing the cell

88
Q

phases of an action potential:

(4) hyperpolarization (define and describe)

A

refers to the increase in negativity of mb potential

89
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

how are local potentials produced?

A

produced by ligand-gated Na+ channels not eh dendrites and soma

90
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

local potentials can be ___ or ___

A

excitatory (depolarizing)

inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)

91
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are local potentials graded or all-or-none?

A

graded – proportional to stimulus strength

stronger stimuli

92
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are local potentials irreversible or reversible?

A

reversible – returns to RMP if stimulation ceases before threshold is reached

93
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are local potentials local or self-propagating?

A

local – has effects for only a short distance from point of origin

incoming Na+ diffuses for short distances along the inside of the plasma mb

94
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are local potentials decremental or non-decremental?

A

decremental – signal grows weaker with distance

95
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

how are action potentials produced?

A

produced by voltage-gated ion channels on the trigger zone and axon

(occurs only where there is a greater density of these channels)

96
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

how do action potentials begin?

A

always begins w/ depolarization

97
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are action potentials graded or all-or-none?

A

all-or-none – if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold, the neuron fires at its maximum voltage (not graded)

if threshold is not reached – no AP

98
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are action potentials irreversible or reversible?

A

irreversible – goes to completion once it begins (it can’t be stopped once it begins)

99
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are action potentials local or self-propagating?

A

self-propagating – it has effects a great distance from point of origin

100
Q

LO11: differentiate between local potentials vs action potentials:

are action potentials decremental or non-decremental?

A

nondecremental – signal maintains same strength regardless of distance

101
Q

LO12: explain how the nerve signal is conducted down axon (propagation of an action potential)

A

local potential is created at dendrites

stimulus is produced in soma of presynaptic neuron

graded potential local current arrives at axon hillock –> depolarizes the membrane at that point

if local current reaches threshold voltage –> neuron fires and produces an action potential

AP current travels down axon and triggers postsynaptic mb dendrites –> creates local potential to postsynaptic cell

102
Q

LO13: examine the factors that affect conduction velocity of nerve signals:

speed at which a nerve signal travels down an axon depends on ___ factors

the factors are…

A

2

diameter

myelination

103
Q

LO13: examine the factors that affect conduction velocity of nerve signals:

how does diameter affect conduction velocity of nerve signals?

A

larger axons have more surface area and conducts signals more rapidly

conduction velocity is proportional to fiber diameter

there are a lot of ions flooding into the axon, so the more space they have to travel, the more likely they will be able to keep going in the right direction

104
Q

LO13: examine the factors that affect conduction velocity of nerve signals:

how does myelination affect conduction velocity of nerve signals?

A

presence of myelin and thickness of myeline speeds up signal conduction

105
Q

LO14: compare the action potential propagation in nonmyelinated to myelinated axons:

what is a nerve signal?

A

a traveling wave of excitation produced by APs

106
Q

LO14: compare the action potential propagation in nonmyelinated to myelinated axons:

describe AP propagation in nonmyelinated axons

A

continuous conduction

uninterrupted wave of electrical excitation all along fiber

107
Q

LO14: compare the action potential propagation in nonmyelinated to myelinated axons:

describe AP propagation in myelinated axons

A

saltatory conduction

depolarization only occurs at the internodes. At internal segments, conduction is very fast but decremental

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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