Lecture 16 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the top 5 sources of sugar in the USA diet?
What is the different pathway by which FRUCTOSE is metabolized in the liver?
- Fructose uses ATP and Fructokinase to help break it down to Fructose-1-P
- Aldolase breaks Fructose-1-P into two molecules: Glyceraldehyde and Di-hydroxy-acetone-P
Features:
-unregulated
-rapid
-initially depletes ATP
-secondary production of uric acid
-tends to promote FA synthesis
What features of the pathway of fructose metabolism in the liver are important for possible pathology?
Some people make their careers on studying fructose pathology
What are the different approaches to evaluate adiposity?
- Caliper skinfold
- Underwater weighing
- The Body Pod: accurate body volume
- Dexa scan for body composition
What is the definition of visceral fat?
- fat deposited in or around the organs in the abdominal regions
What is the importance of visceral fat?
- increases risk of CVD, diabetes, breast and colon cancers, hypertension and metabolic syndrome
Why is waist circumference a useful evaluative tool for visceral fat?
Waist circumference helps assess visceral fat; it is directly related to visceral fat
What is ectopic fat? How is it different from to visceral obesity?
- Ectopic fat: fat deposits that are not part of adipose tissue; it is in muscle, heart, and liver tissue; an overflow can cause problems
What is the effect of ectopic fat and visceral obesity on muscle, heart, and liver?
Visceral obesity-> lipid overflow-ectopic fat-> increase muscle fat, epicardial fat, and liver fat and altered function
What is Metabolic syndrome?
a group of risk factors that include: abdominal obesity high blood glucose high blood pressure high blood triglycerides high LDL & low HDL levels insulin resistance or glucose intolerance high inflammatory markers
What are the components of daily energy expenditure?
- Harris-Benedict: Body weight, height, and age
What are the three components that contribute to energy expenditure?
EE= Basal metabolism + Physical Activity + TEF (thermic effect of food)
What are the features of the Harris-Benedict equation?
-Used for prediction BMR; body weight, height, and age. Different equation for men and women
What are the roles of intake, storage, basal, and physical activity energy expenditure in defining body mass?
- Caloric input can increase or lessen body mass
- Physical activity and basal can deplete energy storage, thus decreasing body mass; or lass of will not help loss body mass
What are the clinical consequences of diabetes? What are the five main health complication?
- # 1 cause of blindness, kidney failure and amputations; major cause of death for diabetics is CVD
- blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, and loss of toes, feet, or legs
What is the number of new cases of diabetes diagnosed in US in 2015?
1.5 million
What is the fraction of people who did not know they had diabetes?
1/4- 7.2 million Americans
What is the approximate number of people in the US with prediabetes?
84 million
What is the approximate fraction of people in the US who are unaware they have prediabetes?
90% of those with prediabetes don’t know they have it
What is the approximate fraction of adult population with prediabetes?
1/3
What is the fraction of prediabetics who go on to full diabetes?
up to 70% of prediabetics go on to have diabetes
What are the major symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
- Frequent urination and excessive thirst
- Weight loss leading to thin physique
- Production of ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
- Impairs immune function and vascular system
What is Type 1 diabetes?
- originally called juvenile onset but adults can get it too
- aka Insulin-dependet
- Due to loss of beta cells (autoimmune)
Treatment: insulin injections for life
What is Type 2 diabetes?
- 80% are obese or overweight
- NON-insulin dependent to start
- Reduced insulin sensitivity
- Leads to over secretion of insulin to compensate
- Leads to Beta cell failure (pancreas exhaustion)
Treatment: medication (including insulin) and diet therapy (weight loss)
