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254 - anatomy > lecture 16: CNS brain > Flashcards

lecture 16: CNS brain Flashcards

1
Q

how much does the brain weigh

A

3lbs

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2
Q

what does the brain do in general

A

cotnrols activities of the body

=receives info about bodys inner workings and about the outside world via to SC and PNS

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3
Q

what is gyri

A

the outward folds

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4
Q

what is sulci

A

the inwards folds

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5
Q

what is a fissure

A

deep sulcus

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6
Q

what do gyri and sulci do

A

increase the surface area of the brain

important for when brain grows

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7
Q

true or false: the gyri and sulci are different on everyone

A

false, they are the same

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8
Q

be able to locate sulci and gyri

A

/

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9
Q

what are the two gyri lpateral to the central sulcus

A

precentral and postcentral gyrus

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10
Q

where is the precentral gyrus lucated

A

immediately anterior to central sulcus

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11
Q

what cortex is the precentral gyrus reposbile for

A

motor cortex

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12
Q

what are the tracts that leave the precentral gyrus called

A

pyrimidal tracts (go to pyramids in medulla oblongata)

and or
corticospinal tracts (leaving cortex and going to spinal cord)
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13
Q

where is the post central gyrus

A

immediately posterior to the central sulcus

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14
Q

what cortex is the post central responsinle for

A

sensory cortex

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15
Q

what are the tracts that come to the post central gyrus

A

spinothalic and spinocerebellar tracts

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16
Q

if signal reaches cortex that means we can conciously/unconciously perceive it

A

conciously

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17
Q

what are the 4 major fissures

A

longitudinal cerebral fissure
• transverse fissure
• lateral sulci/fissure
• central sulcus

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18
Q

in what plane is the longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

mid sag. plane

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19
Q

what does the longitudinal cerebral fissure seperate

A

seperates partially the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

the longitudinal cerebral fissure is a shallow or deep sulcus

A

deep

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21
Q

what is the longitudinal cerebral fissure occupied by

A

falx cerebri

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22
Q

is the transverse fissure anterior or posterior

A

posterior

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23
Q

where does the tramversr fissure lie?

A

between the occpital lobe and cerebebellum

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24
Q

what lies in the longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

dural membrane, falx cerebri

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25
Q

what is the dural extension that seperates the 2 cerebellar hemisphere called

A

falx cerebelli

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26
Q

what does the central sulcus seprate

A

pre and post central gyrus

seperates fromtal from parietal lobes

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27
Q

where is the lateral sulcus/fissure located

A

between temporal and frontal love

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28
Q

what is formed in embryo in terms of brain dev.

A

a neural tube is formed from which 3 cavities or

sections will develop

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29
Q

what are the 3 cavities/sections that are devlopped from the neural tube

A

Prosencephalon (telencephalon, diencephalon)

  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon (metencephalon, myelencephalon)
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30
Q

the Prosencephalon (forebrain) further divides into what

A

(telencephalon, diencephalon)

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31
Q

the telecephalon becomes what in the mature brain

A

cerebrum

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32
Q

the diencephalon becoemes what in mature brain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epothalamus

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33
Q

the • Mesencephalon becames what in mature brain

A

midbrain

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34
Q

what does the • Rhombencephalon further divide into

A

(metencephalon, myelencephalon)

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35
Q

what does the (metencephalon, become in a mature brain

A

pons and cerebellum

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36
Q

what does themyelencephalon further divide into

A

medulla oblongata

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37
Q

what does the inner neural tube become in a mature brain

A

ventricles (always connected)

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38
Q

the cerebrum is part of what

A

prosencephalaon (telencephalon)

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39
Q

the cerebrum is divided in what plane and into what

A

sagittal plane into two halves

=right and left cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

each hemsphere controls activities of the opposite or same side

A

opposite

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41
Q

true or false: since Each hemisphere controls activities of the opposite side of the body, they are not connected

A

false, they are conneced to allow information to crossover

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42
Q

true or false: Hemispheres are mirror images (completely the same)

A

false but there are functional distinctions between them

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43
Q

where is dev and use of language located in most people

A

left hemisphere

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44
Q

what areas are located in the right hemisphere

A

areas that govern 3d visualization and artisitic creations

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45
Q

each hemis has how many lobes

A

4

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46
Q

what ar the 4 lobes of the hemis

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

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47
Q

what is the 5th lobe that lies deep to cortex and medial to temporal lobe called

A

insula

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48
Q

where is the insula located

A

5th lobe lies deep to the cortex and medial to the temporal

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49
Q

be able to locate lobes

A

.

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50
Q

cerebrum is made up of what matter

A

grey and white

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51
Q

what is grey matter

A 
ceebral cortex (concious mind)
unmyelinated (body and dendrites)
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52
Q

what is white matter

A

the myelinated parts (axons)

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53
Q

be able to identiy white, grey mattera

A

.

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54
Q

the internal white matter containes myelinated fibers extending in 3 major directions, what are they

A

commisural tracts
assocaition tracts
projection tracts

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55
Q

explain comissural tracts

A

connect/link the 2 hemispheres

ex: posterior/anterior comissure, corpus collosum

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56
Q

explain association tracts

A

assocaites 2 different region in the same hemispheres

ex: corona radiata

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57
Q

explain projection tracts

A

connects upper and lower parts of brain
one area of brain to a seperate region

ex: peduncle

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58
Q

what is basal ganglia

A

several masses of grey ara (2 areas)

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59
Q

what are the 3 main strcutres of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
amygdala
lentiform nucleous

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60
Q

what is the lentiform nucelous further divided itnto

A

globus pallidus, putamen

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61
Q

where is the caudaute nucleus located

A

next to lateral ventricle

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62
Q

what is another na,e for amygdala

A

amygdaloid body/nucleus

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63
Q

internal capsule is made from grey or white matter

A

white matter

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64
Q

true or false: lateral ventricle and caudate nucleus have same shaope

A

true

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65
Q

be abke ti label.locate basal ganglia

A

.

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66
Q

what does basal ganglia do

A

Relay station for motor impulses

• Control large unconscious (autonomic) movements of skeletal
muscles

• Control initiation, termination and intensity

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67
Q

what does disorders of the basal ganglia bring about

A

involuntary contractions of the sksetal muscles

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68
Q

what are 2 examples of disorders of basal ganglia

A

msucle spasticity

parkinsons disease

69
Q

what is common in muscle spas and parkinsons disease

A

there is a disruption of the msucle movement integrity

70
Q

what three structures make up the diecnephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

71
Q

explain diencephalon

A

dia-through

encephalon-brain

72
Q

what are the two most pominant structures of the diecnephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

73
Q

what are the two endocrine glands of the diencephalon

A

pineal and pituitary gland

74
Q

be able to locate the diecneoalpon

A

graphs

75
Q

what matter is the thalamus made from

A

two masses of gray matter

76
Q

what are the two masses of gray matter connected by

A

intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion)

77
Q

what surrounds the third ventricle

A

the thalamus

78
Q

what is the priciple relay station for sensory (afferent impulses) travelling to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

79
Q

the thalamus is the priciple relay station for what

A

sensory (affecrent) impulses travelling to cerebral cortex

80
Q

what is considered the “gateway to cortex”

A

thalamus

81
Q

true or false: thalamus relays only for sensory

A

false also for involuntnary motor impoulses travelling outwards

82
Q

the thalmus is invovled with early or late conciois recognition

A

early concious recognition of senstaions related to survival (P, T, touch and pressire)

83
Q

true or false; in the thalamus alone you can easily locaet pain

A

false, you can feel it but cannot locatze it until the thalmus sends the impulse to the corresponding part in the ceberal cortex

84
Q

what gland fomrs part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle

A

pineal gland

85
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete

A

at least 1, melatonin, but dunction is in doubt

86
Q

what are some other hormones that the pineal gland may secret

A

FSH and LH from ant pittuairy glands and regulate body ryhtym

87
Q

be able to lcate pineal l=bland

A

.

88
Q

the hypothalamus lies above or below the thalamus

A

beloq

89
Q

where is the hypothalamus housed

A

partially housed in the sella turcica (well protected)

90
Q

what does the hypothalmus control

A

many involuntary vody activties, most which have a direct effect of homeostatis (major regulator)

controls center of the ANS (digestion, respirtation, HR)

91
Q

what are the 6 main functions of the hypothalmus

A

1) control the ANS
2) production of hromones (oxytoncin ,ADH)
3) reg of emotional and behvaiortal patterns
4) reg of eating and drinking
5) control of blood./body temp
6) reg of awakening and sleep patterns (sets daily schedule)

92
Q

what are 2 projections from the hypothalamus

A

mamillary bodies

pituitary gland

93
Q

where do the mamillary bodies lie and what are they associeted with

A

lie at the base of the brain and hypotthalamus (2 round masses)

associated with smell

94
Q

true or false: the pituitary gland extends frm the mamillary bodies

A

true

95
Q

explain the order of these strucuttues (tuber cinerum, mamillary bodies, stalk, and pituitary gland)

A

mam body
tuber cinerum
pituitary stalk
pituitary

96
Q

be able to locate the hypothalamus

A

.

97
Q

what is another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

98
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

b/w diencephalon and pons

99
Q

what are the structures found in the midbrain

A 
cerebral peduncles 
copora quadrigemina (inerior and superior colliculi)
100
Q

the cerebral peduncles are white or gray mayter

A

white

101
Q

where do the cerebral peducnles connect

A

connect cerebrum to lower body.spinnal

102
Q

the superior colliculi are responsible for…

A

sight

103
Q

the inferior colliculi are responsible for…

A

hearing

104
Q

be able to locate midbrain

A

.

105
Q

what is another name for hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

106
Q

the rhobecephalon is divided in what 2 parts

A

1) metencphealon (pons and cerebellum)

2) myencephalon (medulla oblongata)

107
Q

what is the upper part of the hindbrain

A

metencephalon

108
Q

what is the lower part of the hind brain

A

myelencephalon

109
Q

what is the metencephalon made up of

A

pons and cerebellum (part of 4th)

110
Q

what is the myelencephalon made of

A

meddula oblongata

111
Q

the pons is made up of white or gray matter

A

BOTH

consists of white matter on the outside and scattered masses of gray matter (nuclei) on the inside

112
Q

what are the pons repsonible for

A

breathing rhytm

113
Q

what connection does the pons

A

connection b/w spinal cord and brain as well as parts of the brain with eachother

114
Q

what nerves are associated with the pons

A

cranial nerves

5,6,7,8

115
Q

be able to locate the pons.

A

.

116
Q

the cerebellum is anterior or posterior to the pons

A

posterior

117
Q

true or false: the cerebellum has 2 hemisphere

A

true

118
Q

what are the 3 components of th cerebellum

A

vermis (connects)
cerebellar cortex
arbor vitae

119
Q

what is the vermis

A

connection of the 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

120
Q

does the vermis go all the way through

A

no because it is interupted by the 4th ventricles

121
Q

what do the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect

A

connect cerebellum to medulla oblongate

122
Q

what do the middle cerebellar peduncles conncet

A

connect cerebellum to the pons

123
Q

what do the superior cerebellar peduncles conncet

A

cerebellum to the midbrain

124
Q

be able to locate the cerebellum

A

.

125
Q

what is considered the automatic pilot for motor responses

A

cerebellum

126
Q

what is the main region for posture and balance

A

cerebrllum

127
Q

explain the function of the cerebellum

A

it is the main region for posture and balance

fine tuning of movements through constant feedback ,rtesolves differences b/w intended movement and actial movement

128
Q

what do the cerebllar peduncles carry sensory ingo

A

carries sensory info from organs in muscles joints and the inner ear

129
Q

what are the 3 functions of the cereballar peduncles

A

carry sensory info from sensory organs in muscles joints and the inner ear

enable brain to determine status of voluntary motor activites, equilibrum and balance

coordinate and provide presicion to skeletal contraction initiuated by cerebrum

130
Q

is the medullar oblongata anterior, posterior inferior or superior to pons

A

inferior

131
Q

when does the medllua oblongata become the spinal cord

A

when it exits the foramen magnum

132
Q

what is the outside and insie of the medulla oblogate made of

A

outside: white matter
inside: gray matter

133
Q

what does the white matter in the medulla oblongata consist of

A

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve dibers extending btween brain and spinal cord

134
Q

where are the pyramids found

A

on the medulla oblongata

135
Q

true or false; the pyramids never connect

A

false, they connect at the decussion of the pyramids which allows signals to cross over

136
Q

what are some places in the brain that allow signals to cross over

A

intermediate mass
anterior and posterior commisure
medulla onlongata

137
Q

the pyramids are ascending or decsening tracts

A

desciening (motor)

138
Q

what does the gray matter of the medulla oblongata consist of

A

reflext centers play a role in the visceral reflexes, conciousness and arousal

139
Q

what nerves are assocaited with medualla oblongata

A

cranial nerves 8,9,10,11,12

140
Q

what are the 3 main reflex centers in the medulla and pons

A

1) cardiac center
2) vasomotor center
3) respiratory center

141
Q

what does the cardac setner reflex do

A

heart rate regulation (rate and force)

142
Q

what does the vasomootr reflex center do

A

regulates blood pressure by varying the fiamter of blood vessels

143
Q

what does the respiratory reflex center control

A

it is the medullary rhythmicity area

controls dept and rhytm of breathing

144
Q

what are the 3 protercotrs of the brain

A

skull

CSF and meninges

145
Q

where does the CSF go to

A

subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord

146
Q

what are the 3 meninges

A

pia mater
arachnoid layer
dura mater

147
Q

explain the pia mater

A

gentle mother

innermost layer, soft thin goes through every crevice of the brain

148
Q

explain the arachnoid meninges

A

smiliar to spider web
middle layet
(CSF in arachnoid)

149
Q

explain the dura mater meninges

A

though mother

outermost and cant stretch

150
Q

the falx cerebri, cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli are all extensions of what meninge

A

dura mater

151
Q

true or false: meninges of the brain are continous with those of the spinal cord

A

true

152
Q

where are the vessels of the brain located i n

A

subarachnoid space

153
Q

where does the falx cerebri extend into

A

the long. cerebral fissure

154
Q

where is the falx cerebelli

A

in between cerebella hemisphere

can onlyo go as far as the vermis

155
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli

A

divides the cerebrum from cerebellum

into the tranvsere fissure

156
Q

the BLANK extends into the long. cerebral fissure

A

falx cerebri

157
Q

the BLANK extends in to the transverse fissure

A

tentorium cerebelli

158
Q

where is cerebral spinal fluid produced

A

within ventricles

159
Q

what are the ventricles are where are they located

A 
two lateral ventricles (one in each hemi)
third ventricle (center of diencephalon)
4th ventricle (in between cerebellum and medulla oblongata)
160
Q

how does CSF leak

A

the interventricular foramen
cerebral aqeuduct
foramen of lushka
foramen of magendie

161
Q

what does the cerebral aqeuduct connect

A

3rd to 4th

162
Q

what does the intterventricular foreament connect

A

lateral to 3rd

163
Q

the foramen of lushka brings CSF where

A

to the brain

164
Q

the foramen of magendie brings CSF tto where

A

spinal cord

165
Q

what is CSF formed by

A

by filttration of blood plasma thorough the dense networks of capillaries called the chroid plexus

166
Q

what filters the blood plasma

A

choric plexus

167
Q

true or false; chroid plexus is just capilarries in the centtricles

A

true

168
Q

capilaries walls of the CP and supporting neuroglia form what

A

blood brain barrier

254 - anatomy (17 decks)

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