Lecture 2

Question 1

Main domains

Answer 1

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eucarya

Question 2

Taxonomic Ranks

Answer 2

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 3

Taxonomy

Answer 3

The science and practice of classifying organisms

Question 4

Phylogeny

Answer 4

The evolutionary history of the origin and/or diversification of a taxon

Question 5

Cladogram

Answer 5

A “tree” or diagram to represent phylogeny

Question 6

Elements of a cladogram:
Branch

Answer 6

The lines connecting nodes, they branch off each other

Question 7

Elements of a cladogram:
Internal Node

Answer 7

where branches join on the inside of the cladogram

Question 8

Elements of a cladogram:
Terminal Node

Answer 8

• Where branches end
• could be a species

Question 9

Elements of a cladogram:
Outgroup

Answer 9

The species most distantly related to everything else on the tree

Question 10

Elements of a cladogram:
Root

Answer 10

Where the tree starts

Question 11

Constructing Phylogenies:
Characters

Answer 11

Features (traits) of organsims that are used to reconstruct evolutionary history (phylogenies)

Question 12

Constructing Phylogenies:
Homology

Answer 12

Shared characters that are a result of COMMON ANCESTRY

Question 13

Constructing Phylogenies:
Homoplasy

Answer 13

aka Analogy
Character similarity that IS NOT a result of common ancestry

Question 14

Constructing Phylogenies:
Analogy

Answer 14

aka Homoplasy
Character similarity that IS NOT a result of common ancestry

Question 15

Polarity of a phylogeny

Answer 15

Direction or orientation that the cladogram follows - root to terminal nodes

Question 16

Most recent common ancestor

Answer 16

• the most recent organism before the two branch off in different directions
• the most recent internal node of a cladogram

Question 17

Ancestral State

Answer 17

The character state present in the common ancestor

Question 18

Derived State

Answer 18

Any form of the character that arose since divergence from the common ancestor

Question 19

Synapomorphy

Answer 19

A derived character that is shared by members of a clade - one that can be used to inform/construct a phylogeny

Question 20

Systematics

Answer 20

The science of taxonomy, which involves reconstruction of phylogeny using characters

Question 21

Sources of phylogenetic information

Answer 21

• Comparative morphology
• Comparative biochemistry
• Comparative cytology

Question 22

Comparative morphology

Answer 22

The shapes and sizes of organismal structures, as wwell as their developmental origins

Question 23

Ontogeny

Answer 23

the developmental history of an organism

Question 24

Recapitulation

Answer 24

• aka biogenetic law
  The idea that an organism’s development repeats the evolutionary history of its ancestors

Question 25

Comparative biochemistry

Answer 25

Analyzing sequences of amino acids in proteins and nucleotide sequences in nucleic acids

Question 26

Sequence alignment

Answer 26

A way of arranging DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences to identify similarity or differences

Question 27

Extant species

Answer 27

Living species

Question 28

Ancient DNA

Answer 28

The study of DNA extracted from organisms that died long ago

Question 29

De-extinction

Answer 29

Using ancient DNA to bring back a species from being extinct

Question 30

Comparative Cytology

Answer 30

Examining variation in number, shape, and size of chromosomes

Question 31

Karyotype

Answer 31

The complete set of chromosomes in a sample of cells from an organism - includes size, shape, and number

Question 32

Monophyletic

Answer 32

Includes the most recent common ancestor and ALL descendants of that ancestor

Question 33

Paraphyletic

Answer 33

Includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and SOME BUT NOT ALL descendants of that ancestor

Question 34

Polyphyletic

Answer 34

DOES NOT include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group