lecture 21- 22

Question 1

saturated fats

Answer 1

straight

solid at room temp

Question 2

unsaturated fats

Answer 2

kink

liquid at room temp

Question 3

omega __ and omega ___ can not be made in the body and has to be ___ by the diet

Answer 3

6
3
supplemented

Question 4

omegas help with

Answer 4

lipids involved in barrier function of the skin

structure and function of cell membrane

precursors to eicosinoid (hormones- inflammation reaction)

endocannabinoid messenger molecules

Question 5

___ are 6x more efficient than glycogen at storing energy

Answer 5

triacylglycerols

Question 6

two things that make triacylglycerols good at storage are

Answer 6

complete oxidation of one gram of tri produces 2 times more ATP than complete oxidation of one gram of glycogen

one gram of stored glycogen binds two grams of H20, while stored Tri bind none

Question 7

___ hydrolyze tri to release fatty acids

Answer 7

lipases

Question 8

length of survival during starvation depends primarily on the amount of stored ___

Answer 8

triacylglycerols

Question 9

___ are a major source of every for the heart and (part of the ) kidney

Answer 9

fatty acids

Question 10

cholesterol is an important component of membranes and a precursor to ___

Answer 10

bile salts
vitamin D
steroid hormones

Question 11

Fatty acids are conjugated to CoA after they enter the cell. Beta oxidation occurs in the

Answer 11

matrix of the mitochondria

Question 12

oxidation reactions occur at the beta carbon, so this process is referred to as ___

Answer 12

Beta oxidation

Question 13

Products of beta oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 13

acetyl CoA
FADH2
NADH
H+

Question 14

Acetyl CoA can be oxidized to CO2 in the ___. converted to ketone bodies or used for other pathways

Answer 14

TCA cycle

Question 15

NADH and FADH2 can be used by oxidative phosphorylation to make ____

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

More than ___ times as much ATP can be made from the total oxidation of 1 gram of palmitic acid(16 carbons (palmitoyl ACP)) in comparison to 1 gram of glucose

Answer 16

2

Question 17

fatty acid synthesis occurs in the

Answer 17

cytoplasm

liver and in adipose tissues

Question 18

most intermediates of fatty acid synthesis are carried by ___

Answer 18

ACP

acyl carrier protein

Question 19

reduction of fatty acid synthesis involves

Answer 19

NADPH

product of PPP

Question 20

fatty acids are built ___

Answer 20

2 carbons at a time

Question 21

fatty acids uses the 3 carbon ___ and CO2 is released in each cycle

Answer 21

malonyl ACP

Question 22

fatty acid synthesis continues until chain reached ___ carbons

Answer 22

16 carbons (palmitoyl ACP)

Question 23

synthesis of ___ is the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 23

Malonyl CoA

Acetyl CoA + ATP + HCO3- (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa

Question 24

what are some inhibitors to the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa

palmotoyl acid (16 chain end product)
AMP
Glucagon
Epinephrine

(all these things trigger the cell to say Iow blood glucose, need to break down storage or make glucose for energy)

Question 25

what are some activators to the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 25

Acetyl CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa citrate insulin (insulin means high glucose in blood, glucose can be used to make other stuff)

Question 26

___ is important for fatty acid transport into Mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation

Answer 26

carnitine

Question 27

beta oxidation is ___ by malonyl CoA

Answer 27

inhibited carnitine (carnitine acyltransferase 1)= Acyl carnitine this process blocked by malonyl CoA -stops the transport of fatty acids into mitochondrial matrix and therefore B oxidation

Question 28

Triacylglycerol and cholesterol are nearly ___ in water. they are carried in the blood as lipoprotein complexes

Answer 28

insoluable

Question 29

the surface of lipoprotein complexes resemble the surface of membranes, containing phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol. The hydrophobic components ___ and ___ are buried in the interior of the complex

Answer 29

Triacylglycerol cholesteryl esters

Question 30

dietary Triacylglycerol and cholesterol are carried in complexes called ___ that are produecd in the small intestine

Answer 30

chylomicrons

Question 31

endogenous Triacylglycerol and cholesterol made by the liver are released into the blood in a complex called the ___

Answer 31

very low density lipoprotein | VLDL

Question 32

abnormalities in blood lipids and lipoproteins can help in the diagnosis of

Answer 32

hypothyroidism cushings pancreatitis

Question 33

liver produces VLDL which has high ___ and low ___. as

Answer 33

Triacylglycerol | cholesterol

Question 34

the VLDL moves through the body the Triacylglycerol are broken down (hydrolyzes) by ___ which is present in the capillaries of ___

Answer 34

lipoprotein lipase muscle, adipose and other tissues

Question 35

IDL with lipoprotein lipase =

Answer 35

LDL and fatty acids

Question 36

fatty acids are used for energy by ___ , for synthesis of other molecules such as ___ or for storage in the form of ____

Answer 36

muscles, heart phospholipids triacylglycerols (in adipose)

Question 37

LDL is taken into the cell by ___ to deliver cholesterol required for membrane and biosynthetic processes

Answer 37

endocytosis

Question 38

LDL is taken up by the ___ to regulate LDL levels in the blood

Answer 38

liver

Question 39

fattu acids in the blood are bound to ___ to protect cells from the detergent properties of free fatty acids

Answer 39

serum albumin

Question 40

type of dog that gets hyperlipidemia

Answer 40

miniature schnauzers

Question 41

after a meal- blood glucose and insulin are high, triacylglycerols synthesis will be ___ in adipocytes because glucose from blood is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate, which is required for triacylglycerols synthesis. triacylglycerol breakdown will be ___ because high insulin and low glucagon ___ hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 41

high low inhibit

Question 42

DURING FASTING BG and insulin are low, Tri synthesis in adipocycles will ___, because they have little glucose to covert to glycerol 3 phosphate. Tri deg will ___ because hormone sensitive lipase is stimulated by high glucagon and low insulin. This leads to the release of fatty acids to the blood that can be oxidized by the tissues to make ____

Answer 42

decrease increase ATP

Question 43

during faster the liver will convert fatty acids from adipose tissue into ____

Answer 43

ketone bodies

Question 44

ketone bodies are exported form the liver and can be taken up by other tissues and converted to ____

Answer 44

Acetyl CoA

Question 45

what tissues can use ketones for energy

Answer 45

cardiac muscle | renal cortex

Question 46

during starvation, in the liver, oxaloacetate drops as it is used for gluconeogenesis, this will ___ the TCA cycle in liver cells. which leads to the accumulation of acetyl CoA from B oxidation of fatty acids and increases ketone body synthesis by the liver

Answer 46

decrease

Question 47

during starvation, the tissues of the body, including the brain, will adapt yo use ___ as their major source of energy, this helps preserve protein in muscles and other tissues until triacylglycerols reserves are depleted

Answer 47

ketone bodies

Question 48

how do liver cells get their energy

Answer 48

B oxidation making fatty acids***

Question 49

what are the advantages of converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?

Answer 49

much more soluble. less soap like, easier to convert

Question 50

what is the downside of the liver converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?

Answer 50

ketoacidosis decrease in pH of the body

Question 51

low blood glucose can be caused by

Answer 51

fasting pregnancy lactation

Question 52

low insulin or low insulin response can be caused by

Answer 52

Diabetes

Question 53

explain diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 53

glucose can not be taking into cells, Liver tries to make more glucose by breaking down fatty acids. This releases ketones as a bi product excess ketones lead to PH drop leads to coma and death

Question 54

Bovine ketosis due to pregnancy/lactation have a higher risk of fatty liver. Treatments are ___

Answer 54

***

Question 55

in Sheep ketosis can happen late in pregnancy if ewe is carrying more than 1 fetus. Symptoms: Treament:

Answer 55

fatty liver and high mortality ***

Question 56

equine hyperlipidemia caused by stress, obesity, lactation and pregnancy. high serum lipids occur which results in accumulation of triacylglycerols in liver, kidneys and other organs treatment

Answer 56

feeding tube

Question 57

feline hepatic lipidosis occurs when cat refused to eat for several days. triacylglycerols build up in liver and disrupt normal function treatment

Answer 57

feeding tube