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VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 23 10/17/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 10/17/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the CV system?

A

circulate blood at rates that meet metabolic demand while maintaining adequate perfusion and low filling pressures

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2
Q

What does blood contain?

A

-nutrients/waste
-gases
-electrolytes

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3
Q

How is oxygen bound to hemoglobin conveyed?

A

from the lungs to the metabolizing tissues

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4
Q

How is CO2 conveyed?

A

from the metabolizing tissues to the lungs

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5
Q

How do gases, nutrients, and wastes move?

A

via diffusion

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of blood flow?

A

-pulsatile
-established by cyclic mechanical activity of heart

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7
Q

What are the two “pumps” of the heart?

A

-pumping blood through the systemic vascular bed
-pumping blood through the pulmonary vascular bed

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8
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood that the ventricle ejects each systole

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9
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood that leaves one side of the heart in one minute

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10
Q

Why is it important that the cardiac output of the left and right heart are equal over time?

A

don’t want one side of the heart to fall behind

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11
Q

What are the different structures in the heart?

A

atria
-valves
-ventricles

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12
Q

What are AV valves?

A

valves guarding the entrances to the ventricles

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13
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

valves guarding the entrances to the great arteries

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14
Q

When are AV valves open and closed?

A

open: during filling/diastole
closed: contraction/systole

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15
Q

When are the semilunar valves open and closed?

A

open: during contraction/systole
closed: filling/diastole

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16
Q

What is the function of ventricles, in general?

A

propel the stroke volume into the respective vascular bed

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the right ventricle?

A

-thin-walled
-pyrimidal
-“volume pump”
-geometrically suited for low resistance/low pressure

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the left ventricle?

A

-cylindrical
-“pressure pump”
-generates high pressures

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19
Q

What is the vasculature?

A

branching system of vessels that conveys blood and provides a site for metabolite exchange

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20
Q

What is the role of veins/venules?

A

convey blood to the heart

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21
Q

What is the role of arteries/arterioles?

A

convey blood away from heart

22
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

metabolite exchange

23
Q

What is the main role of arteries?

A

conduits

24
Q

What is the main role of arterioles?

A

resistance vessels that determine distribution of cardiac output

25
Q

What is the main role of venules?

A

convey blood from capillaries to veins

26
Q

What are the roles of veins?

A

-conduits
-reservoirs

27
Q

What type of artery is the aorta?

A

elastic

28
Q

What type of artery are most arteries?

A

muscular

29
Q

What does the arteriole wall consist of?

A

smooth muscle

30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

single layer of endothelial cells

31
Q

What substances are in the walls of veins?

A

-smooth muscle
-small amounts of elastin and collagen

32
Q

How is blood flow to the tissues controlled?

A

through changes in local resistance

33
Q

How does venous return impact cardiac output?

A

increased venous return = increased cardiac output

34
Q

Why is arterial pressure regulation independent of local blood flow and cardiac output?

A

because maintaining normal blood pressure is the “priority” of the CV system

35
Q

How does vasoconstriction function?

A

-increases resistance
-decreases flow

36
Q

How does vasodilation function?

A

-decreases resistance
-increases flow

37
Q

What are the characteristics of pressure?

A

-force/area
-measured in mmHg

38
Q

What are the characteristics of systemic circulation oxygen levels and pressure?

A

-high O2
-high pressure

39
Q

What are the characteristics of pulmonary circulation oxygen levels and pressure?

A

-low O2
-low pressure

40
Q

Where is the greatest proportion of blood volume contained?

A

systemic veins

41
Q

What should venous pressure normally be?

A

near 0 mmHg

42
Q

What is resistance?

A

measure of opposition to electrical current/flow

43
Q

How does change in pressure relate to cardiac output and resistance??

A

/\P = CO x R

44
Q

What two factors are the determinants of resistance?

A

-radius (most important)
-viscosity

45
Q

What is resistance, in terms of forces?

A

the sum of forces that must be overcome for a pressure difference to establish flow

46
Q

Why is systemic arterial pressure greater than pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

because systemic vascular resistance is greater than pulmonary vascular resistance

47
Q

What does venous return result from?

A

-energy imparted by ventricular ejection
-muscular pump
-ventricular suction

48
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

smooth flow (river)

49
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

-high velocity flow (fast stream)

50
Q

How do velocity and viscosity relate?

A

-high velocity, low viscosity
-high viscosity, low velocity

VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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