Lecture 2.4 - abdominal organs, posterior abdominal wall Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 2.4 - abdominal organs, posterior abdominal wall Deck (23)
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1
Q

What is the liver and its function?

A
  • largest internal organ and gland of the body
  • function:
    • bile production and secretion
    • detoxification
    • blood-clotting mechanism
    • storage
  • bare area in direct contact with diaphragm (not covered by peritoneum)
2
Q

How is the liver divided?

A

Divided into:
- left and right lobes (L/R), quadrate lobe (Q), caudate lobe (C), the quadrate and caudate lobes are functionally part of the left side
Divided by:
- falciform ligament separates R from L
- gallbladder and porta hepatis separate quadrate and caudate

3
Q

What is the Hepatic portal system?

A
  • liver receives blood from GI tract through the portal vein, bringing the products of digestion
  • hepatic veins then empty blood from liver to IVC
4
Q

Where is the Gallbaladder? What does it consist of and what are its functions?

A
  • pear-shaped sac that lies on inferior surface of liver
  • consists of: funds, body, neck (gives rise to cystic duct)
  • functions:
    • receives, stores, concentrates, and expels bile
    • bile emulsifies fat (breaks it into small particles to make digestion more efficient)
5
Q

Where is the pancreas? What is its functions?

A
  • lies posterior to stomach between duodenum on right and spleen on left
  • functions:
    • produces digestive enzymes and empties into duodenum through pancreatic duct
    • secretes insulin and glucagon directly into blood
  • divided into head, neck, body, and tail
6
Q

What is the pancreatic duct?

A
  • joins with bile duct
  • forms hepatopancreatic ampulla - funnel shaped
  • expels bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenum
7
Q

Where is the spleen and what are its functions?

A
  • large lymphatic organ
  • lies against diaphragm and ribs 9-11 on left side
  • functions:
    • filters blood
    • stores red corpuscles
    • produces lymphocytes and antibodies
8
Q

What happens when spleen ruptures?

A
  • occurs in trauma as in football players when tackled from left side.
  • spleen also ruptures easily when enlarged (splenomegaly) as in infection mononeucleosis; malaria or speticemia; requires splenectomy
9
Q

What is the course for the Splenic artery?

A
  • takes a tortuous cours posterior to the omental bursa, anterior to left kidney, and along the superior border of pancreas
10
Q

Where are the Kidneys? Function?

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • right kidney: lower due to liver, located at 12th rib
  • left kidney: located at 11-12th ribs
  • removes excess water and salts from blood
  • returns nutrients to the blood
11
Q

What are the components of the Internal anatomy of kidneys?

A
  • nephrons are located in renal pyramids
  • pathway of urine: minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
  • kidneys located behind ribs 11&12 and can be injured if these ribs are fractured
12
Q

What is the Ureter? What can it cause?

A
  • retroperitoneal throughout its length; serves the passage of urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
  • can cause ureteric colic when rapidly distended by passage of ureteric calculus (stones)
13
Q

Which branches of arteries of the posterior abdomen are paired and unpaired?

A
  • paired parietal (segmental): subcostal, inferior phrenic, lumbar, spinal arteries
  • paired visceral: suprarenal, renal, testicular/ovarian arteries)
  • unpaired visceral: celiac trunk, superior/inferior mesenteric a.)
  • unpaired parietal: median sacral
14
Q

Where is the celiac trunk and what does it supply?

A
  • celiac trunk: branches into splenic artery, common hepatic artery, and left gastric artery
  • supplies liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, and esophagus
15
Q

What arteries branch off the Superior mesenteric artery?

A
  • jejunal a supplies jejunum
  • ilial a. supplies ilium
  • ilecoclic a. supplies cecum
  • r colic a. supplies ascending colon
  • middle colic a. supplies transverse colon
16
Q

Where is the Inferior mesenteric artery and what are its branches?

A
  • distal 1/3 of colon: left colic a supplies descending colon and sigmoid a. supplies sigmoid colon
  • rectum: superior rectal a.
17
Q

What are the veins of the GI tract and where do they drain into?

A
  • all venous blood from GI tract drains into portal vein to be filtered by the liver
  • portal vein, superior/inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein
18
Q

Veins of posterior abdomen?

A

R/L renal vein, hepatic vein, R/L gonadal vein, lumbar vein

19
Q

What are Diaphragmatic Apertures? What are the 3 parts?

A
  • permits structures to pass between thorax and abdomen
  • caval opening
    • inferior vena cava passes through and located at T8-T9
  • esophageal hiatus
    • esophagus passes through and located at T10 region
  • aortic hiatus
    • aorta passes through and technically does not pierce diaphragm, passes posterior to diaphragm at T12
20
Q

Psoas Major (OINA)

A
  • O: transverse processes, intervertebral discs, and bodies of T12-L5
  • I: less trochanter of femur
  • N: L1-L3
  • A: flexes thigh and trunk
21
Q

Iliacus (OINA)

A
  • O: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
  • I: lesser trochanter
  • N: femoral nerve
  • A: flexes trunk
22
Q

What happens when neck of femur is fractured?

A
  • iliopsoas = iliacus + psoas major

- the iliopsoas muscle rotates the femur outward so that the foot lies with the toes pointing laterally

23
Q

Quadratus lumborum (OINA)

A
  • O: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest, transverse process L5
  • I: 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse process (L1-L4)
  • N: T12-L4
  • A: flexes trunk laterally and fixes 12th rib