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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 25: Epigenetics & Environmental Toxins > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Epigenetics & Environmental Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

nucleotide (3 parts)

A

5 carbon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate

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2
Q

nucleoside (2 parts)

A

5 carbon sugar + nitrogenous base

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3
Q

2 types of 5 carbon sugar

A

ribose, 2-deoxyribose

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4
Q

2 types of nitrogenous base

A

purine

pyramidine

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5
Q

nucleic acid

A

chain of nucleotides

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6
Q

codon

A

genetic code - sequence of three nucleotides that code for particular amino acid

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7
Q

2 purines

A

adenine

guanine

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8
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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9
Q

3 differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. ribose sugar (deoxy ribonucleic acid vs ribonucleic acid)
  2. T & U (thymidine vs uracyl)
  3. strand (double vs single)
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10
Q

translation of mRNA to protein occurs on ___

A

ribosomes

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11
Q

three types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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12
Q

the epigenome is an essential part of the nexus of ___

A

nature and nurture

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13
Q

3 most studied epigenetic mechanisms

A
  1. DNA methylation
  2. mods to histones
  3. microRNA regulation of DNA expression
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14
Q

DNA methylation

A

covalent attachment of methyl groups to particular regions of a gene, spec cytosine of a cytosine-guanine dinucleotide

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15
Q

effect of DNA methylation

A

reduce transcription of gene

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16
Q

chromatin

A

complex of small spherical histone proteins around which DNA wraps

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17
Q

what loosens chromatin structure?

A

acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation of lysine residues of histone tails

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18
Q

nucleosome

A

segment of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer consisting of two copies each of four core histones

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19
Q

epigenetic modifications are critical for ___

A

cell differentiation

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20
Q

significant overeating leads to (2)

A
  1. genes for obesity overexpressed

2. genes for longevity underexpressed

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21
Q

DNA methylation enzyme

A

DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3a)

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22
Q

histone acetylation enzyme

A

histone acetyltransferases (CREB-binding factor protein)

23
Q

histone acetylation can be revesed by ___

A

histone deacetylases

24
Q

DNA ticketing theory of memory

A

methyl groups added or removed from DNA could serve a persistent memory function

25
Q

David Sweatt (3 conclusions)

A

pioneering epigenetic research

  1. DNMT activity necessary for experience-driven long-term behavioral change
  2. DNA methylation may work with histone mods to regulate memory formation and storage in adult CNS
  3. outcomes of epigenetic marks differ according to brain region and stage of memory formation
26
Q

protein that increases in response to drug use

A

delta FosB

27
Q

three categories of drug effects

A
  1. rapid response and tolerance
  2. accumulating and temporary abstinence
  3. enduring in abstinence
28
Q

where is delta FosB rapidly induced? (2)

A
  1. nucleus accumbens

2. dorsal striatum

29
Q

how does delta FoxB regulate gene transcription? (2)

A
  1. DNA methylation

2. histone mods

30
Q

animals chronically exposed to drugs of abuse show elevated BDNF in ___

A

VTA

31
Q

persistent organic pollutants (4 rqs)

A

synthetic organic compounds

  1. resistant to degradation
  2. low water solubility
  3. high lipid solubility
  4. high molecular weights
32
Q

where do POPs accumulate?

A

aquatic food chain in fatty tissue

33
Q

4 important POPs

A
  1. chlordane
  2. DDT
  3. polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs)
  4. polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)
34
Q

2 semi persistent organic pollutants

A
  1. bisphenol A (BPA)

2. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

35
Q

4 MoA of PCBs

A
  1. endocrine disruption
  2. alt in 2nd messenger systems
  3. interference in Ca2+ homeostasis
  4. inhibition of DA reuptake transporter
36
Q

use of PBDEs

A

flame retardants in plastics and foam

37
Q

congener of PBDEs still produced in Eu and US

A

decaBDE

38
Q

where are PBDEs found? (5)

A
  1. air
  2. soil
  3. house dust
  4. food
  5. animals
39
Q

use of PBDEs

A

flame retardants

40
Q

3 effects of PBDEs

A
  1. perturbation of thyroid system
  2. alterations in signal transduction pathways
  3. alterations in sex hormones
41
Q

BPA use

A

used in production of plastics

42
Q

2 most frequent locations of PBA

A

epoxy-lined food cans and water bottles

43
Q

primary MoA of PBA

A

endocrine disruption

44
Q

chlordane type of pollutant

A

insecticide

45
Q

chlordane half life

A

10-20 years

46
Q

2 classes of insecticides

A
  1. organophosphates (OPs)

2. pyrethrins/pyrethroids

47
Q

two uses of organophosphate

A
  1. insecticide

2. nerve gas

48
Q

MoA of organophosphates

A

block AChE resulting in cholinergic syndrome

49
Q

what pesticide promotes epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease?

A

methoxychlor

50
Q

methylbromide

A

insecticide, potent neurotoxin

51
Q

MoA of pyrethrins/pyrethroids (2)

A
  1. disruption of voltage-gated Na+ channels (repetitive firing and increased Na+ influx)
  2. bind to and block GABA
52
Q

MoA of lead

A

interference with calcium metabolism

53
Q

Pb exposure is correlated with __ (3)

A
  1. IQ decline in children
  2. reduced grey matter in prefrontal cortex
  3. severe encephalopathy
54
Q

MoA of mercury

A

inhibition of protein synth

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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