Lecture 26: Disease States - Diarrhea, Dehydration, and Heart Failure Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 26: Disease States - Diarrhea, Dehydration, and Heart Failure Deck (28)
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0
Q

diarrhea

A

loss of electrolytes AND water

1
Q

hypovolemia

A

decreased blood volume

2
Q

diarrhea clinical signs

A

increased hematocrit, cold extremities (due to cutaneous vasoconstriction), reduced activity

3
Q

diarrhea causes decreased:

A

plasma volume, venous pressure, atrial pressure, venous return, ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial pressure

4
Q

Angiotensin II triggers:

A

blood volume restoration

5
Q

arterial baroreceptor withdrawal in diarrhea triggers:

A

increase in sympathetic drive to non-essential beds

6
Q

dehydration

A

extreme loss of water with minimal loss of electrolytes

7
Q

results of dehydration

A

1) decreased plasma volume
2) renal vasoconstriction
3) decreased Na+ and H2O excretion, increased reabsorption
4) increased plasma osmolarity due to water loss

8
Q

increased plasma osmolarity –> vasopressin release?

A

increases

9
Q

2 main classes of heart failure:

A

1) systolic dysfunction

2) diastolic dysfunction

10
Q

systolic dysfunction

A

type of heart failure in which there is a problem with ventricular ejection

11
Q

diastolic dysfunction

A

type of heart failure in which there is a problem with ventricular filling

12
Q

most common cause of heart failure

A

impaired LV function

13
Q

decreased stroke volume –> sympathetic drive

A

increases (to help restore cardiac output)

14
Q

increased sympathetic drive –> water and Na retention

A

increases

15
Q

increased fluid retention –> venous return

A

increases

16
Q

increased fluid retention –> end-diastolic ventricular volume

A

increases

17
Q

CHF is often characterized by increased edema resulting from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

.

18
Q

Causes of Left Heart Failure

A

systolic or diastolic dysfunction

19
Q

Causes of Right heart failure

A

increases in afterload: left-sided heart failure, increased pulmonary pressure

20
Q

Frank-Starling Compensatory Mechanism for heart failure

A

length-tension relationship. More stretch triggers a more forceful contraction.

21
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy compensatory mech. for heart failure

A

increase in cardiac mass to compensate for increased stress. Increases contractile force and reduces wall stress (however decreases compliance and increases diastolic ventricular pressures)

22
Q

Neurohumoral activation (compensatory mech. for heart failure)

A

Sympathoexcitation in response to decreased cardiac output. Elevates RAAS, vasopressin, intravascular volume, preload

23
Q

elevated vascular resistance –> CO

A

decreases

24
Q

CHF –> atrial pressure

A

increases

25
Q

inotropic drugs

A

increase ventricular contractility via increasing cytosolic calcium

26
Q

diuretic

A

decreases intravascular volume and fluid accumulation

27
Q

vasodilator drug

A

reduces total peripheral resistance and afterload

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