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VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 3 8/28/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 8/28/23 Flashcards

1
Q

How are metastasizing cancers named?

A

they keep the name of the original cancer

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2
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

-a tumor with elements of all three germ layers
-often arise in gonads due to increased levels of undifferentiated cells

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3
Q

What is the notochord?

A

-tube of mesoderm
-becomes part of vertebral column
-runs full length of body

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4
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

-ectoderm over the notochord
-becomes neuroectoderm
-pinches off to form neural tube, which becomes brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the lumen?

A

the space inside a tubular structure (such as the neural tube)

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6
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube contain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

failure of the neural tube to fully close?

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8
Q

What are the types of spina bifida?

A

-occult: skin still closes despite neural tube not properly closing
-classic: skin over the neural tube does not fully close

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9
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

-cells that emerge during the pinching off of the neural tube
-not classified into the germ layers

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10
Q

What do neural crest cells become?

A

-cells of the nervous system
-melanocytes
-adrenal medullary cells

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11
Q

Why is it bad if neural crest cells fail to migrate?

A

-regions of the body can be lacking the cells that neural crest cells differentiate into
-can cause problems in development that can be fatal

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12
Q

How do we name tumors that arise from neural crest cells, since they do not fit into any of the germ layers?

A

-benign tumors: name of cell + -cytoma
-malignant tumors: malignant + name of cell + -oma

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13
Q

What does it mean for something to be multi-focal?

A

there are multiple spots (typically tumors)

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14
Q

What are the 4 extra-embryonic membranes of the placenta?

A

-amnion
-yolk sac
-allantois
-chorion

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15
Q

What is the chorioallantoic?

A

a fusion of the allantois and chorion membranes

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the amnion?

A

to encircle the amniotic fluid and cushion the baby

17
Q

What is the role of the allantois?

A

surrounds the amniotic sac

18
Q

What is the connection between the allantoic cavity and the embryo’s digestive and secretory systems?

A

the allantoic cavity, digestive system, and secretory (waste) systems are all connected in utero

19
Q

What is the chorioallantoic placenta?

A

where the allantois and chorion fuse within the placenta

20
Q

What is the urorectal septum?

A

endodermal tissue that grows between the urethra and rectum to separate them

21
Q

What membrane is the gut continuous with?

A

yolk sac

22
Q

What membrane is the urachus continuous with?

A

allantois

23
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

a common passageway for urine, feces, and reproduction

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the umbilicus?

A

-contains outpouchings of the GI tract and urinary tract
-the tracts retract prior to birth and umbilicus pinches off

25
Q

What is the urachus?

A

a brach off the bladder that leads into the umbilicus

26
Q

What happens when a patient has a patent urachus?

A

-urachus remains open when it should not
-animal now has an extra opening into the bladder which is prone to infection

27
Q

When does an umbilical hernia occur?

A

when the GI tract and urachus do not retract through the umbilicus prior to birth

28
Q

What is the anal membrane?

A

-ectoderm covering the rectum during development
-breaks down to create the anus

29
Q

What is atresia ani?

A

when the anal membrane fails to break down, resulting in an animal without an anus

30
Q

What tissue gives rise to the liver and pancreas?

A

endoderm

31
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

-functional elements of solid organs
-cells that provide the organ function

32
Q

What are stroma?

A

-supportive framework of solid organs
-connective tissue and blood vessels

33
Q

What tissue gives rise to the respiratory system?

A

endoderm

34
Q

What tissues give rise to the urinary system?

A

endoderm and mesoderm

35
Q

How does the urinary system give rise to the kidneys?

A

-ureteric buds arise from bladder
-buds interact with mesoderm to form ureters and kidneys

36
Q

What tissues give rise to the reproductive system?

A

endoderm and mesoderm

37
Q

How do the kidneys give rise to the reproductive system?

A

-three primitive kidneys form
-one creates a mesonephric duct
-this duct induces mesonephric tubules and mesonephros
-gives rise to gonads, tubular genitalia, etc.

38
Q

What is the role of the chorion?

A

interdigitates with uterus

VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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