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Lecture 3 Immune System II: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of innate immunity (5)

A
  1. Non-specific
  2. Elements present at birth
  3. Effective against a wide range of pathogens
  4. Lifelong presence
  5. Present in all animal species
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2
Q

Features of adaptive immunity (7)

A
  1. Specific for certain antigens
  2. Gained after exposure to foreign material (not automatically from birth)
  3. Delay before effective- 5-6 days to respond
  4. Memory - faster response to subsequent exposure to same pathogen
  5. Carried out by lymphatic system
  6. Only in vertebrates
  7. Once acquired, it is lifelong (mostly)
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3
Q

Cells involve in innate immunity (7)

A
  1. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)
  2. Natural killer cells (NK)
  3. Mast cells
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Neutrophils
  6. Macrophages
  7. Dendritic cells
    6&7 antigen presenting cells
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4
Q

Cells involve in adaptive immunity (3)

A
  1. CD4+ T helper cell
  2. CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell
  3. B cell
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5
Q

What are the effector cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes:
T-lymphocytes & B-lymphocytes

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6
Q

Key Features of adaptive lymphocytes (6)

A
  • 6 micrometers diameter
  • short life span (3 days - 8 weeks)
  • circulate in blood & lymph
  • activated by antigen
  • both originate in bone marrow
  • also known as T cells and B cells
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7
Q

How do immune cells move around the body? (2)

A

In blood / circulation
Lymphatics

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8
Q

What percentage of total body weight is blood?

A

8.5-9.1%

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9
Q

What white blood cell is most abundant in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Are there more innate or adaptive immune cells in the blood?

A

More innate immune cells Phagocytes

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11
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs ? (2)

A
  1. Bone marrow - origin of B and T cells from hematopoietic stem cell via lymphoid progenitor
    B cells mature here
  2. Thymus
    Precursor T cells leave bone marrow and mature in thymus
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12
Q

How do immune cells find pathogens & each other? (4)

A
  1. Interstitial fluid bathes tissue and along with blood cells enters lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels throughout body
  3. Within lymph nodes pathogens & particles in the lymph encounter & activate APCs (antigen presenting cells)
  4. Lymphatic vessels return lymph to blood via two large ducts that drain into veins
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13
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs? (2)

A

Lymph nodes - filters lymph
Spleen - filters blood

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14
Q

What happens in lymph nodes

A
  • Zonation of immune cells
  • Lymph filter
  • Dendritic cells and macrophages phagocytose and take up any pathogens present in fluid - then present antigen to T cells
  • B cells and antibody secreting plasma B cells
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15
Q

Where do lymphocytes function in the spleen ?

A

White pulp : B & T cells, macrophages

Germinal centre: proliferating B lymphocytes

Red pulp: old/dead red blood cells removed
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells (antibody production)

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16
Q

What does lymph have a similar composition to ?

A

Interstitial fluid

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17
Q

What does the spleen filter ?

18
Q

Name 3 antigen presenting cells (APC)

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A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. B cells
19
Q

What cell type is known as a professional antigen presenting cells?

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A

Dendritic cell

20
Q

What is the humoral response?

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A

B cells and antibodies defend against pathogens (bacteria & viruses) and toxins in extracellular fluid

21
Q

What is cell mediated adaptive immunity?

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A

Cytotoxic T cell mediated
CD8+ CTL and T cell receptor and CD8+

Defend against infected cells, cancer cells & transplanted cells

22
Q

What cell type is required in both the humoral and cell mediated response?

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A

T helper cell

23
Q

What is an antigen?

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A

Any foreign molecule which is specifically recognised by lymphocytes & elicits a response from them

24
Q

What is an epitope ?

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A

Antigenic determinant
Specific areas on antigen to which an antibody or T cell receptor binds to

25
How do lymphocytes detect antigens? What antibody diversity is possible
B and T cell receptors - These receptors are embedded in B & T cell plasma membranes - each B or T cell is specific for one antigen epitope - antibody diversity possible > 10^10
26
What happens during the humoral response and B cell activation (5)
1. Developing B cells undergo a selection process in bone marrow: self-reactive cells are destroyed 2. Mature B cells released from bone marrow 3. Mature B cells antibody receptors interacts directly with pathogen and becomes activated 4. Activated B cell can become plasma cell and produce antibodies 5. Activated B cell can differentiate into memory B cell - affinity maturation
27
What is the B cell receptor?
BCR is a membrane bound antibody
28
What are the 5 subclasses of antibody?
1. IgM - First Ig to be formed after antigen exposure. It is pentameric 2. IgE- allergic reactions 3. IgD - membrane bound (rare to find in blood) 4. IgA - in secretions e.g. breast milk & mucosal linings, is a dimer 5. IgG - produced in highest amounts in body
29
Secondary response to antigen compared to primary response
Faster, greater & of increased duration
30
Why do we have booster vaccinations?
To drive up the number of cells in body that can detect a certain pathogen so the next exposure to pathogen gets a quicker response
31
What do B lymphocytes do?
Secrete antibodies Present antigen to activate T- cells
32
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Express CD8 + Defend against infected cells, cancer cells and transplanted cells
33
What would happen if self-reactive lymphocytes (B & T cells) were not removed?
Could develop auto-immune pathologies
34
What do T helper cells express?
CD4 +
35
What are the different categories of T helper cells? (4)
1. Th1 2. Th2 3. Th17 4. Treg
36
What are the transcription factors in the different categories of T helper cells?
Th1 - Tbet Th2 - Gata3 Th17 - Roryt Treg - Foxp3
37
How do T cells develop? (4)
T cells develop initially in bone marrow they then move to thymus undergo 2 rounds of selection 1. Initially known as double negative 2. T cell expresses a range of proteins on their surface: CD8, CD4 & T cell receptor, Undergo positive selection, ensures cells that do not recognise self MHC are destroyed 3. Cells that recognise self too strongly are destroyed 4. T cells mature and either become CD4+ cytotoxic T cell or CD8+ T helper cell
38
How do T cells get activated?
By recognition of antigen presented on MHC molecules
39
How to Cytotoxic T cells get activated?
Activated by presented antigen from infected cell MHC-I Active cytotoxic T cells and Memory cytotoxic T cells activated
40
How do T helper cells get activated?
Activated by antigen presented by antigen presenting cell MHC-II Activates active T helper cells and memory T helper cells
41
Which cell type is most important in anti-cancer immunity?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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