What is intrinsic motivation?
Stem from a persons ‘internal’ desire to do something (self-applied)
What is extrinsic motivation?
Stem from outside the individual and include tangible rewards (pay)
What are some examples of content theories?
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- McGregor’s Theory X/Theory Y
What are some examples of process theories?
- Equity theory
- Reinforcement theory
What are content and process theories?
- Content - relate to built-in needs or motivators
- Process - relate to conscious choices that lead to a specific type of behaviour
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological (food. water, breathing)
- Safety (employment, health)
- Love/belonging (friendship, family)
- Esteem (confidence, achievement)
- Self-actualization (morality, creativity)
What are some criticisms of Maslow’s theory?
- Difficult to apply to the workplace
- Researchers have found little supports to
people have completely separate needS
Describe McClelland’s theory of needs?
Workers are satisfied by: achievement, power, affiliation, independence, self-esteem, security
Describe McClelland’s Acquired needs theory?
- Need for achievement - desire to consistently want challenging tasks
- Need for power
- Need for affiliation - good social and personal relations
What is McGregor’s theory X?
- Employees are inherently lazy
- Dislike responsibility
- Employees only want security and material rewards
What is McGregor’s theory X?
- Employees like work and undertake challenging tasks
- People are motivated by needs for respect, esteem and recognition
- People at work want responsibility
What is Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory?
- Workers motivation translates into their job satisfaction
- Motivators will increase job satisfaction
- Hygiene factors might increase job dissatisfaction
What is the equity theory?
- based on the comparison of the ratio between employee input into task and output (rewards)
- Inequity can motivate changes in behaviour
Describe reinforcement theory?
- Rewards should reinforce performance
- Rewards should follow after desired behaviours
- Behaviour that is not rewarded will end
- Withholding rewards is a powerful means to discourage unwanted behaviours
What is the social cognition theory?
- Employees have regular feedback, personal control over performance outcomes and confidence to achieve goals
- Managers role is to provide employees with such confidence especially when they don’t achieve goals
What is alienation?
- A condition of objective powerlessness
- Derives from Karl Marx’s theories - workers alienated from the products of their labour, act of production, social relations
What are Robert Blauner’s dimensions of alienation?
- Powerlessness
- Meaninglessness
- Isolation
- Self-estrangement
How can culture help organisations?
- Operates as a mode of control
- Act as the organisational glue through shared ritual and ceremony
- Create a shared identity
What is learning?
- A relatively permanent change in behaviour or human capabilities resulting from processing new knowledge, practice or experiences
- Learning is a mode of adaptation to change, it can be formal, non-formal, informal or incidental
What is a behavioural approach?
Perceives learning as a chain of conditioned reflexes encouraged or inhibited by positive and negative reinforcement
What is social-learning?
People learn through observational learning
What is self-efficacy?
The extent or strength of ones belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
