(LECTURE 4) INFILTRATION

Question 1

basic concept

Answer 1

-Infiltration
-Percolation
-Infiltration rate
-Hydraulic conductivity
-Permeability
-Cumulative infiltration

Question 2

the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

Answer 2

Infiltration

Question 3

movement of water through the soil profile going to groundwater.

Answer 3

Percolation

Question 4

infiltration per unit time; expressed in volume per unit time per unit area or depth per unit time

Answer 4

Infiltration rate

Question 5

velocity of flow caused by a unit gradient; flow through soils in any direction

Answer 5

Hydraulic conductivity

Question 6

used interchangeably with hydraulic conductivity

Answer 6

Permeability

Question 7

The summation of the depth of water absorbed by a soil in a specified elapsed time in reference to the time of initial water application.

Answer 7

Cumulative infiltration

Question 8

SOIL HORIZONS/ LAYERS

Answer 8

-humus
-topsoil (A horizon)
-subsoil (B soil)
-weathered rock fragments (C horizon)
-bedrock (D horizon)

Question 9

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL INFILTRATION

Answer 9

-Groundwater Recharge
-Reducing Runoff
-Supporting Ecosystems
-Water conservation
-Reduced soil erosion by runoff
-Irrigation (manner of application)

Question 10

Infiltration is a primary method for replenishing groundwater supplies, which are crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and industrial use

Answer 10

Groundwater Recharge

Question 11

By allowing water to enter the soil, infiltration reduces surface runoff, which can help prevent flooding and erosion.

Answer 11

Reducing Runoff

Question 12

Infiltration helps maintain soil moisture levels, supporting plant growth and sustaining ecosystems

Answer 12

Supporting Ecosystems

Question 13

FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION

Answer 13

-Soil
-Soil characteristics / compaction
-Soil’s degree of saturation
-Precipitation
-Land cover
-Base Flow
-Slope of the land
-Use of soil additives

Question 14

soil texture, soil structure; the larger the pore size and the greater the continuity of the pores, the greater is the infiltration rate

Answer 14

Soil

Question 15

formation of a thin compact layer on the surface as a result of severe breakdown of soil structure caused by the beating action of raindrops and flow of water over the surface

Answer 15

surface sealing or puddling of soil

Question 16

The clay surfaced soils are compacted even by the impact of rain drops which reduce infiltration.

Answer 16

Soil characteristics / compaction

Question 17

Clay has low and slow infiltration compared to sand and gravely soil.

Answer 17

Soil characteristics / compaction

Question 18

he more saturated the loose Earth material are, the less infiltration.

Answer 18

Soil’s degree of saturation

Question 19

typically refers to the collection of standing water at the ground surface due to the presence of an impermeable layer within the soil.

Answer 19

Ponding

Question 20

The amount, intensity, and duration of precipitation significantly impact infiltration. Heavy, short-duration rainfall can lead to more runoff, while light, long-duration rainfall allows more water to infiltrate.

Answer 20

Precipitation

Question 21

Vegetation and land use affect infiltration. Vegetated areas typically have higher infiltration rates due to root systems creating pathways for water.

Answer 21

Land cover

Question 22

More vegetation, slower infiltration

Answer 22

Land cover

Question 23

a portion of the stream flow that is not runoff; it is water from the ground, flowing into the channel over a long time and with a certain delay.

Answer 23

Base Flow

Question 24

lateral movement of water.

Answer 24

Base Flow

Question 25

Rivers near city has low baseflow because of impervious surface.

Answer 25

Base Flow

Question 26

Steeper slopes tend to have higher runoff and lower infiltration rates compared to flat areas.

Answer 26

Slope of the land

Question 27

chemicals that improve the soil structure hence increase infiltration; other chemicals cause soil particles to swell and to become hydrophilic hence reduce infiltration

Answer 27

Use of soil additives

Question 28

INFILTRATION PROCESS

Answer 28

Surface Entry Movement Through Soil Recharge of Groundwater

Question 29

Water first enters the soil at the surface, influenced by gravity and capillary forces.

Answer 29

Surface Entry

Question 30

Water moves vertically and horizontally through soil layers, filling pore spaces and cracks.

Answer 30

Movement Through Soil

Question 31

Some infiltrated water reaches deeper soil layers and recharges groundwater aquifers.

Answer 31

Recharge of Groundwater

Question 32

involves direct measurement of water applied and water flowing from the field

Answer 32

Direct measurement