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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 4 - Innate Immune Recognition > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Innate Immune Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 different pathways of complement activation?

A

classical, alternative, lectin

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2
Q

Which key effector complement protein is generated by all 3 activation pathways?

A

c3 covertase

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3
Q

what is the role of the membrane attack complex?

A

create pores

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4
Q

In addition to MAC formation, name 2 other terminal outcomes of complement activation

A

1 - recruitment of inflammatory cells
2 - opsonization

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5
Q

name one clinical consequence of C3 deficiency in Brittany Spaniels

A

renal disease

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6
Q

What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

common features on pathogens that are absent in host tissues

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7
Q

How are PAMPs like Hogwarts houses

A

they are common traits like the defining factors of sorting (bravery, wisdom, etc.)

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8
Q

what PAMP does gram-negative bacteria have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

b. lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

what PAMP does gram-positive bacteria have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

a. peptidoglycans

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10
Q

what PAMP do viruses have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

c. dsRNA

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of signaling type PRRs

A

1 - Toll-like
2 - Nod-like
3 - RIG-1-like

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12
Q

which signaling PRR is found on the membrane

A

toll-like

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13
Q

what is the common product of all signaling PRR pathways

A

NF-kB

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14
Q

What is the result of PRR signaling

A

activation of transcription genes (adhesion, inflammation, etc.)

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15
Q

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

A

plasma (4/5) recognizes wall components and the endosomal membrane recognizes DNA

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16
Q

what does TLR5 recognize

A

flagellin

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17
Q

where is TLR4 and TLR5 present? what is the clinical significance?

A

present on the basolateral surface, only bacteria that have bypassed the rest of the cell’s defenses should trigger

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18
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

within cytosol, recognizes peptidoglycan

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19
Q

RIG-1-like receptors

A

within cytosol, recognizes dsRNA and ssRNA, leads to expression of anti-viral responses

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20
Q

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of PAMPs

a. essential to microbes
b. common in microbes
c. abundantly produced
d. present in host tissues

A

d. present in host tissues

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21
Q

viruses in endosomes are recognized by

A

TLRs

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22
Q

what do the signaling PRRs all have in common

a. location
b. cell type
c. activation of NF-kB
d. what they recognize

A

c. activation of NF-kB

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23
Q

what do phagocytotic receptors do and give examples

A

trigger phagocytosis by binding to pathogenic components (complement receptors, FcyR, mannose)

24
Q

T/F: opsonization is more efficient phagocytosis than through PRRs alone

25
what recognizes IgG (immunoglobulins)
FcyR
26
what are the 4 steps of phagocytosis
1 - recognition/attachment 2 - engulfment 3 - phagosome-lysosome fusion 4 - Destruction
27
How are phagosomes created
involution of the plasma membrane with a microbe attached after cytoskeletal arrangement PRRs triggered
28
what 3 ways do phagosomes kill pathogens
1 - pH becomes acidic 2 - fusion with lysosomes (phagolysosome) 3 - oxidative burst (generate reactive oxygen species)
29
superoxide anion is produced by
NADPH oxidase
30
O2. reacts with H+ and H20 to form
hydrogen peroxide
31
hydrogen peroxide is further converted to
hydroxyl radical (.OH)
32
Neutrophils have ____ that convert hydrogen peroxide to ____
myeloperoxidase; ClO- (active bleach)
33
what converts arginine to nitric oxide (NO)
nitric oxide synthase
34
NO + O2. = _____
peroxynitrite
35
T/F: the free radicals are NOT damaging to components within the phagosome
False - damages lipids, DNA, and protein
36
which of the following recognizes IgG bound to microbes a. FcyR b. Toll-like receptor c. mannose receptor d. complement receptor
a. FcyR
37
which of the following phagosomal enzymes is not in macrophages a. iNOS b. hydrolase c. NADPH oxidase d. myeloperoxidase
d. myeloperoxidase
38
If there is a cellular injury, how does the immune system respond
release cytosolic/nuclear proteins and metabolites
39
If there is a tissue injury how does the immune system respond
production of extracellular matrix components
40
What Harry Potter character is the immune system response to self-damage most like
Wormtail - acts as a double agent; the immune system needs to know not only non-self but when self has gone bad.
41
Where do extracellular DAMPs come from
the connective tissue
42
what creates inflammasome to cleave the pro-form of pro-IL so they can translocate
DAMPs
43
DAMPs
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
44
What Harry Potter character is the PAMP and DAMp combined system like
Horcruxes - both must be active for inflammation to occur
45
All are major functions/results of phagocytic receptor engagement EXCEPT a. adherence b. Engulfment c. NF-kB activation d. phagosome formation
c. NF-kB activation
46
PAMPs and DAMPs must work TOGETHER to coordinate which of the following responses a. engulfment b. inflammasome production c. phagosomal-lysosomal fusion d. IL-1B production and activation
d. IL-1B production (PAMPs) and activation (DAMPs)
47
Ligand binding to signaling PRRs results in activation of _____
NF-kB or IRF
48
Signaling through PRRs leads to
1 - cell activation 2 - inflammatory cytokines 3 - adhesion molecules 4 - arachidonic acid cascade 5 - recruitment of leukocytes
49
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) respond to
cytokines and PAMPs
50
Natural Killer cells recognize cells via 2 types of receptors. what are they?
Activation receptor (viral proteins) Inhibitory receptor (MHC on self cells)
51
Perforin
inserts into the membrane
52
granzyme enters the perforin pore to
trigger apoptosis
53
What is the INHIBITORY trigger for NK cells
MHC class 1
54
How do NK cells kill their target cells
perforins and granzymes
55
treatments that block IL-1 may have this consequence
more infections
56
why do we treat systemic lupus with quinine compounds
to prevent endosomal acidification needed for TLR signaling
57
what is frustrated phagocytosis
a pathogen is too big for a macrophage to engulf and will release granules to help pre-digest that may cause damage to host cells of ECM

Animal Health & Disease 1 (52 decks)

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