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VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 40 11/27/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 40 11/27/23 Flashcards

1
Q

Which functions of hormones/secretions in the duodenum and jejunum are associated with providing time for present food to process?

A

-decreased appetite
-inhibition of gastric acid secretion
-slowing of gastric emptying

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2
Q

Which functions of hormones/secretions in the duodenum and jejunum are associated with optimizing digestion?

A

-releasing bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme
-stimulating digestive enzyme secretion
-stimulating bile acid secretion

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3
Q

What are the stimuli for secretin production?

A

-low duodenal pH
-intraduodenal nutrients

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4
Q

What are the actions of secretin?

A

-inhibit acid secretion
-slow gastric emptying
-stimulate HCO3-rich pancreatic fluid secretion

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5
Q

Which enzyme is involved in sodium-bicarbonate buffering of hydrochloric acid?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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6
Q

What are the stimuli for cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

-intraduodenal nutrients
-H+ ions

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7
Q

What are the actions of CCK?

A

-inhibit gastric emptying
-increase secretin secretion
-increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
-stimulate pancreatic growth
-cause gall bladder to contract
-relax sphincter of Oddi in the gall bladder

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8
Q

What is the stimulus of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

intraduodenal nutrients

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9
Q

What are the actions of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

-inhibition of gastric acid secretion
-stimulation of pancreatic insulin release when blood sugar is high (incretin)

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10
Q

What is an incretin?

A

a substance that increases insulin release

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11
Q

Which type of pancreas makes up the majority of the pancreas?

A

exocrine

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12
Q

How is the exocrine pancreas arranged?

A

into acini and ducts

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of pancreatic enzyme secretion?

A

-secreted by acinar cells
-stimulated by CCK and acetylcholine

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of bicarbonate-rich fluid secretion?

A

-secreted by ductal cells
-stimulated by secretin

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15
Q

What are zymogens?

A

the precursor molecules of protein-digesting enzymes

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16
Q

Why are protein-digesting enzymes produced as zymogens first, instead of in their active form?

A

active form could break down pancreatic tissue

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17
Q

Where are zymogens activated into protein-digesting enzymes?

A

duodenal lumen

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of trypsinogen?

A

-activated into trypsin
-activated by enterokinase
-trypsin activates the other protein-digesting enzymes

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19
Q

Which zymogens are activated by trypsin?

A

-chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
-procarboxypolypeptidase -> carboxypolypeptidase

20
Q

What are the characteristics of trypsin inhibitor?

A

-secreted by glandular cells of the pancreas
-prevent premature activation of trypsin

21
Q

What is amylase?

A

the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme

22
Q

Which form of amylase is the main enzyme for starch digestion?

A

pancreatic amylase

23
Q

What are the three fat-digesting enzymes?

A

-pancreatic lipase
-cholesterol esterase
-phospholipase

24
Q

What are the characteristics of sodium-bicarbonate?

A

-produced by pancreatic ductal cells
-secretion stimulated by secretin

25
Q

What are the functions of sodium-bicarbonate?

A

-buffer gastric acid coming from the stomach
-provide volume to carry digestive enzymes from pancreatic acini

26
Q

Which hormone/secretion is the main trigger for enzyme release?

A

CCK

27
Q

What are the regulatory characteristics of acetylcholine?

A

-released from parasympathetic vagus nerve
-stimulates acinar cells to release enzymes

28
Q

What are the regulatory characteristics of CCK?

A

-secreted from duodenum/jejunum
-stimulated by intraduodenal nutrients
-stimulates acinar cells to release enzymes

29
Q

What are the regulatory characteristics of secretin?

A

-secreted from duodenum/jejunum
-stimulated by low duodenal pH
-stimulate pancreatic duct cells to release water and sodium-bicarbonate

30
Q

Which phase of secretion sees the most pancreatic secretion occuring?

A

intestinal phase

31
Q

What are the characteristics of bile?

A

-secreted by hepatocytes into canaliculi
-flows progressively into larger ducts until reaching hepatic and common bile ducts
-can enter duodenum or be stored in gall bladder

32
Q

What does bile consist of?

A

-bile salts
-pigments
-cholesterol
-phospholipids
-electrolytes
-bicarbonate

33
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

-fat digestion and absorption
-removal of waste products

34
Q

Which secretion triggers the release of bile?

A

CCK

35
Q

What are the characteristics of bile acids?

A

-steroid acids formed from cholesterol
-act as detergents and make lipids soluble in water

36
Q

What are the characteristics of bile salts?

A

-conjugated bile acids
-conjugated to amino acids (glycine or taurine)

37
Q

What is the main characteristic of primary bile acids?

A

produced by the liver

38
Q

What are examples of primary bile acids?

A

-cholic acid
-chenodeoxycholic acid

39
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary bile acids?

A

-have been deconjugated and dehydroxylated
-formed by action of bacteria on bile salts in the intestines

40
Q

What are examples of secondary bile acids?

A

-deoxycholic acid
-lithocholic acid

41
Q

What are the characteristics of bile acid recovery?

A

-majority of bile acids are recirculated
-reabsorbed in ileum
-enter portal system and go to liver
-liver recovers and conjugates bile acids

42
Q

What are the characteristics of emulsification?

A

-breaks large fat particles into small particles
-provides larger surface area for lipase enzymes to attack

43
Q

What are the steps of making lipids water soluble?

A

-bile salts combine with dietary fats to form micelles
-micelle formation allows dietary fats to cross aqueous layer to enter enterocytes

44
Q

What is the stimulus for peptide YY?

A

detection of material within distal intestines and colon

45
Q

What are the actions of peptide YY?

A

-signals satiety
-inhibits gastric emptying

VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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