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VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 44 11/29/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 44 11/29/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of carbohydrates?

A

-starches and polysaccharides
-glycogen
-disaccharides
-fiber

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2
Q

What are the possible fates of carbohydrates in the body?

A

-metabolized to produce ATP
-stored in liver and muscle as glycogen
-converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue

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3
Q

What are the steps of glucose metabolism?

A

-glycolysis converting glucose to pyruvate
-conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-citric acid cycle converting acetyl-CoA to CO2
-electron transport chain to create ATP from released energy

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

-converts pyruvate to lactate
-occurs in the absence of oxygen

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of glucose storage?

A

-primarily stored in liver and muscle as glycogen
-liver stores are available for all tissues
-muscle stores are only available for muscle
-liver stores affect blood glucose levels

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6
Q

What happens after a carbohydrate-containing meal?

A

-glucose enters portal circulation and liver hepatocytes
-insulin is released by pancreas
-insulin stimulates glycogen synthase to convert glucose to glycogen in glycogenesis

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6
Q

What are the steps of glucose storage in adipose tissue?

A

-excess glucose is converted to fatty acids
-fatty acids are converted to triglycerides
-triglycerides are converted to adipose tissue

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of glycogenolysis?

A

-break down of glycogen to release glucose
-stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of gluconeogenesis?

A

-formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
-occurs mostly in liver and somewhat in kidneys
-occurs when blood glucose levels are low

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9
Q

Which types of fats are ingested?

A

-triglycerides
-phospholipids
-cholesterol esters

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10
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acids with no double bonds

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11
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acids with one or more double bonds

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12
Q

What are omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acid in which the third bond from the methyl end is the first double bond present

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13
Q

What are omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acid in which the sixth bond from the methyl end is the first double bond present

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of fatty acid oxidation?

A

-fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA, which enters citric acid cycle
-occurs in the mitochondria
-carnitine required for fatty acids to enter mitochondria

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15
Q

When does ketone formation occur?

A

when glucose metabolism is low

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of ketone formation?

A

-liver forms beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate from acetyl-CoA
-ketones are converted to acetyl-CoA when entering the Kreb’s cycle to produce energy

17
Q

Where do the FFAs used to form ketones come from?

A

lipolysis

18
Q

What are the general characteristics of plasma lipids?

A

-free fatty acids bound to albumin
-major lipids do not circulate in free form

19
Q

What are the characteristics of chylomicrons?

A

-transport dietary lipids
-very large lipoproteins created in enterocytes
-cleared by lipoprotein lipase/LPL on the surface of capillaries

20
Q

What is the function of LPL?

A

-breaks down the triglyceride in chylomicrons and VLDLs
-produces free fatty acids and glycerol

21
Q

What are the characteristics of VLDLs?

A

-deposit triglycerides into tissue
-become IDL after LPL removes triglycerides

22
Q

What are the characteristics of IDL?

A

-removes cholesterol esters from HDL via cholesterol ester binding protein (CETP)
-eventually becomes LDL cholesterol

23
Q

Why are dogs and cats not prone to heart attacks?

A

they lack cholesterol ester binding protein

24
Q

What is the main function of LDL?

A

depositing cholesterols into peripheral tissue

25
Q

What is the main function of HDL?

A

transferring cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, where it is excreted as bile

26
Q

What are the characteristics of essential fatty acids?

A

-required in the diet
-involved in fat-soluble vitamin absorption
-make eicosanoids and other signaling compounds

27
Q

Which omega-6 fatty acid is an important essential fatty acid?

A

linoleic acid

28
Q

What are the potential sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

-alpha-linolenic acid found in plant oils
-eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid found in marine oils

29
Q

Which eicosanoid type is produced from omega-6 fatty acids?

A

pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic

30
Q

Which eicosanoid type is produced from omega-3 fatty acids?

A

anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic

31
Q

What signs are seen with essential fatty acid deficiencies?

A

-dull, dry coat
-seborrhea
-alopecia
-greasy skin
-pyoderma

32
Q

What is provided by dietary protein?

A

-essential amino acids
-nitrogen and carbon skeletons

33
Q

What is the fate of both essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

become part of the AA pool for protein synthesis in the tissues

34
Q

What are the functions of protein?

A

-structural components of organs and tissues
-source of energy

35
Q

What are the characteristics of endogenous protein as an energy source?

A

-not intended to be a source of energy; only structural
-used for energy when exogenous energy/protein intake is too low

36
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

AAs that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be obtained via diet

37
Q

What are the characteristics of dispensable amino acids?

A

-can be synthesized if appropriate nitrogen and carbon sources are available
-required for hormone synthesis, DNA synthesis, and neurotransmitter production

38
Q

Which amino acid is only essential in strict carnivores?

A

taurine

39
Q

What happens in protein catabolism?

A

-amine group is broken off carbon skeleton
-amine group becomes ammonia, which is processed into urea
-carbon skeleton becomes a source of energy

40
Q

What is the role of the urea cycle?

A

to reduce ammonia levels by converting it into urea

VMP814 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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