Lecture 5 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the trend in sugar consumption over the past 100 years?
Massive increase. 7 lbs consumption in 1820 to 50 lbs in 1900 to 100 lbs in 2013, in USA
What are the general trends in corn syrup, sucrose, and HFC consumption that make up total sugar consumption?
Corn syrup has stayed the same, HFCS has increased over time and replaced sucrose, Sucrose has declined since 1970 and HFCS was invented
What are the top three major sources sugar is coming from in USA diet?
Soft drinks
Sugars and candy
Cakes, cookies, pies
What epidemiological relationship between sugar consumption and diabetes was discovered?
1-2 sugar sweetened beverages a day vs no drinks increased risk of type 2 diabetes (26%)
What are the three main non-nutritive sweeteners?
Saccharin
Aspartame
Sucralose
What problems are associated with artificial sweetener consumption?
May contribute to metabolic syndrome and the obesity pandemic. Appear to change the host microbiome, lead to decreased satiety, and alter glucose homeostasis and are associated with increased caloric consumption and weight gain.
What are the effects of fiber on colon function? What are the benefits of these effects?
Increases bulk and softens stool:
- less pressure for elimination
- reduces constipation
- reduces risk of hemorrhoids and diverticula
What is diverticulosis and how does fiber affect it?
Diverticulosis- when pockets called diverticula form in the walls of your digestive tract.
Large fiber intake helps reduce risk
What are the added unique benefits of soluble fiber?
- binds glucose so slows glucose absorption -> reduces risk of diabetes
- binds cholesterol and bile so slows absorption -> reduces risk of cardiovascular disease
- reduces appetite-> reduce risk of obesity
- feeds microbiota of colon-> supports GI tract and immune system and suppresses inflammation
How is gut microbiome fermentation of soluble fiber thought to benefit us?
the by-products of fiber fermentation nourish cells lining the colon. Some by-products pass into the circulation and may calibrate our immune system in a way that prevents inflammatory disorders such as asthma and Crohn’s disease
What are the conclusions of the Aune study of fiber and breast cancer?
Soluble fiber is more potent at lowering risk of breast cancer
What are the effects of elevating fiber in the diet on a mouse asthma model?
High fiber diet is shown less goblet cell (immune invasion)
What is the RDA of fiber for men and women? What is the average US intake of fiber?
Women: 25 g/day
Men: 38 g/day
US: 13-17 g/day
What distinguishes a ketogenic from a glucogenic AA?
Glucogenic= used to make glucose Ketogenic= used to make ketone bodies
How do protein levels in blood help maintain fluid balance? What happens in protein deficiency?
Proteins in capillaries draw fluid into blood vessels. Insufficient protein -> fluid remains in tissue and causes swelling
How do protein levels impact gut and immune cells?
Protein deficiency causes impaired GI regeneration. Lack of protein causes immune incompetence–> increases susceptibility and increases inflammation in large intestine
What are the approx. RDAs for protein for men and women?
Men: 55 g
Women: 45g
