Where is the glabella
between the eyebrows on the skull
Calvaria
Made up of bones of neurocranium - frontal, parietal and occipital
How is the calvaria formed?
intramembranous ossification
Why is the Calvaria shape important?
Convex shape resists impact
Do the cranial bones articulate in the newborn?
No. They do not articulate to allow for passage of the head through the birth canal and accommodate the growth of the brain.
Fontanelles are
soft spots, membrane covered parts of the skull where sutures will form. Fontanelles usually exist in the skull util about 7-19 months
Bulging or tense fontanelles may indicate?
increased intracranial pressure.
What are the 3 cranial fossae?
anterior, middle, posterior
What makes up the anterior cranial base?
anterior made by frontal bone, crista galli and cribiform plate of ethmoid and lesser wings of sphenoid.
The anterior cranial base contains?
frontal lobe, cranial nerve #1
What makes up the posterior cranial base?
posterior made up by sphenoid, temproal and occipital bones. Contains occipital lobe, cerebellum, brainstem.
What holes make up the posterior cranial base?
A number of holes can be found here, namely the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen and the internal auditory meatus.
What makes up the middle cranial fossa?
made up by sphenoid and temporal bones
Contains sella tursica, chiasmic groove, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, forament torundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum and cavernous sinus
What passes through the middle cranial fossa?
pituitary, optic, chiasm, optic nerve, niternal carotid arter and cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, VI
What rests in the middle cranial fossa?
temporal lobe of brain rests in the middle fossa
Sinuses and Air Cells can be found, where?
in the
ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, frontal, temporal (mastoid air cells)
**All of these are potential sites of infection
Where does the mandible articulate?
mandible articulates with the temporal bones at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Mandible holds?
the lower row of the teeth in the gomphosis joint at alveolar processes
gums/teeth are innervated by?
the inferior alveolar nerve
1/5 facial injuries involve?
mandibular fracture
temporomandibular joint?
a synovial joint with an articular disc. Articulate b/w the condylar portion of the mandible and mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone.
TMJ innervated by?
the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Hyoid bone
u-shaped bone that is suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments from the styloid processes of the temporal bones.
It has a body, 2 lesser cornua and 2 greater cornua
The hyoid bone is the only bone in the body that..
does not articulate with another bone
What is an attachment point for muscles responsible for speech and swallowing?
the hyoid bone
What 7 bones make up the bony orbit?
frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, zygomatic and palantine
visocranium is
face
Nares
nostrils open up into the nasal cavity which is lined with mucosa
lateral wall of the nasal cavity has?
bumpy projections which are the conchae (turbinates)
The superior and middle conchae are part of which bone?
the ethmoid bone
The inferior conchae are?
individual bones
The roof of the nasal cavity contains receptors from which nerve?
olfactory nerve
The two nostriles are separated by what are the midline?
nasal septum.
This consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer and cartilage - all of which are covered in mucus
What do the conchae do?
they warm and filter inhaled air and the mucosa serves and immune function by trapping foreign particles and exposing them to antigen presenting cells
sutures are?
fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
coronal suture
between frontal and parietal bones
sagaittal suture
between parietals
lambdoidal suture
between parietal and occiput
squamosal suture
between the parietal and temporal
bregma suture
junction of the corona and sagittal sutures
lamda suture
junction b/w the lamdoidal and sagittal sutures
pterion suture
junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
sutural ligaments that connect the cranial bones are the remaining
unossified sheets of mesenchyme from intramembranous ossification
Muscles of facial expression are innervated by
the facial nerve (CN VII)
Muscles of facial expression are
sphincter muscles: orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris (they close things off when contracted)
all the other muscles may be considered dilator muscles
Muscles of mastication are innervated by?
the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What are the muscles of mastication?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
What are the movements of the jaw?
elevation, depression, protraction and retraction
medial ptygoid
elevation and protusion
lateral ptygoid
depression and protrusion
temporalis
elevation and retraction
masseter
elevation and protrusion (jut jaw forward)
Anterior neck is divided into two regions
anterior triangle
posterior triangle
anterior triangle of the anterior neck is bordered by
the sternocleidomastoid, the inferior border of the mandible and the anterior midline of the neck
posterior triangle of the anterior neck is bordered by
the sternocleidomastoid, the clavicle and the trapezius
What are the 7 muscles of deglutition/speech?
digastric, mylohyoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid (Anaya’s favorites), cricothyroid, throhyoid, sternothyroid
digastric anterior belly innervated by
trigeminal nerve
digastric posterior belly innervated by
facial nerve
mylohyoid innervated by
trigeminal nerve
sternohyoid innervated by
ansa cervicalis
omohyoid innervated by
ansa cervicalis
cricothyroid innervated by
vagus nerve
thyrohyoid innervated by
1st cervical nerve via the hypoglossal nerve
sternothyroid innervated by
ansa cervicalis