Lecture 6 - Central Nervous System

Question 1

The CNS is made up of?

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Brain

Answer 2

Control center of the body.
2% of body weight and uses 20% of body’s oxygen in humans.

Question 3

Spinal cord

Answer 3

Most caudal, receives sensory information from the body, sends efferent to muscles and glands.

Question 4

Forebrain is made of?

Answer 4

telencephalon and the diencephalon

Question 5

Midbrain is made of?

Answer 5

mesencephalon

Question 6

Hindbrain is made of?

Answer 6

metencephalon and the myelencephalon

Question 7

Telencephalon is composed of?

Answer 7

cerebrum, hippocampus and basal ganglia

Question 8

Diencephalon is composed of?

Answer 8

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

Metencephalon is composed of?

Answer 9

cerebellum and pons

Question 10

Myelencephalon is composed of?

Answer 10

medulla oblongata

Question 11

Brain stem

Answer 11

Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; lies at the base of the cerebrum, and connects the brain to the spinal cord.

Question 12

Midbrain

Answer 12

Contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes.

Question 13

Pons

Answer 13

Lays between the midbrain and medulla oblongata; transmits impulses between brain and spinal cord.

Contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing.

Question 14

Medulla oblongata

Answer 14

Located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum.

Controls heart rate, breathing rate, and flow of blood thru the blood vessels.

Question 15

Encephalization quotient (EQ)

Answer 15

A measure of relative brain size and is often used to convey how small or large a species’ brain is compared to that of other species of similar body size.

Question 16

Cerebrum

Answer 16

Largest part of the brain responsible for learning and senses.

Question 17

What are the two hemispheres of the brain connected by?

Answer 17

corpus callosum

Question 18

Each hemisphere receives sensory input from the ____ side.

Answer 18

opposite

Question 19

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 19

1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Temporal lobe

Question 20

Cerebellum

Answer 20

2nd largest part of the brain.

Located below the cerebrum at the back of the skull.

Responsible for balance and muscle coordination.

Question 21

Gray Matter (brain)

Answer 21

Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain - cerebral cortex.

Question 22

White Matter (brain)

Answer 22

Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance - inner layer of cerebrum.

Question 23

What are the five segments of the spinal cord?

Answer 23

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Question 24

Gray matter (spinal cord)

Answer 24

Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

Question 25

White matter (spinal cord)

Answer 25

Consists of bundles of myelinated axons.

Question 26

What are the three layers of Meninges?

Answer 26

1. Dura mater (outer layer)
2. Arachnoid layer (middle layer)
3. Pia mater (inner layer)

Question 27

Dura Mater

Answer 27

Outermost layer.

Consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves.

Limit excessive movement of brain.

Question 28

Arachnoid Layer

Answer 28

Middle layer.

Elastic and web-like.

Arachnoid will protrude into superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption.

Question 29

Pia Mater

Answer 29

Innermost layer.

Contains nerves and blood vessels.

Delicate vascularized connections that clings tightly to the brain.

Question 30

Thalamus

Answer 30

Receives messages from sensory receptors. Relays information to proper regions of cerebrum.

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Control center of the brain.

Controls the autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc.

Control of pituitary for endocrine function.

Question 32

Mammalian circadian rhythms rely on a ___________, a molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression.

Answer 32

biological clock

Question 33

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 33

Composition - watery solution formed from blood plasma, less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma, constant volume

Functions - gives buoyancy to and protects CNS structures, reduces weight by 97%. Nourishes brain and carries chemical signals.

Question 34

Neural plasticity

Answer 34

Describes the ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth. Changes can strengthen or weaken signaling at the synapse.

Ex. formation of memories.

Question 35

Hippocampus

Answer 35

Where short-term memory is accessed.
Also plays a role in forming long-term memory, which is stored in the cerebral cortex.