Lecture 6: Ophthalmology Flashcards
1
Q
what is vision
A
process of using light to crate ability to see, eye captures, brain decodes
2
Q
what do we need to know in hx to categorize lesion
A
- Location
- Duration
- Progression
3
Q
what CN being tested with menace
A
2 and 7
4
Q
t or f: only 80% of normal cats will blink
A
true
5
Q
what CN being tested in PLR
A
2 and 3
6
Q
what % constriction should you expect in consensual eye during PLR
A
50%
7
Q
what CN is dazzle testing
A
2 and 7
8
Q
why is dazzle useful
A
if fully blind and can’t see pupils- cataracts, corneal edema then will still squint
9
Q
what wrong
A
cataract and tooth root abscess
10
Q
what genetic condition is this
A
microphthalmia
11
Q
what wrong
A
Phthisis bulbi- small acquired globe
12
Q
What wrong
A
proptosis- protrusion of globe outside bony orbit
13
Q
what wrong and what could cause
A
exophthalmos- anterior displacement of glove
Causes: abscess, mass, hemorrhage
14
Q
what wrong and what cause
A
enophthalmos- posterior displacement of the globe
Causes: pain, loss of SNS tone
15
Q
what wrong and what cause
A
Buphthalmic- enlargement of globe
Causes: glaucoma, mass
16
Q
What wrong
A
Enophthalmos- posterior displacement of globe
17
Q
what wrong
A
exophthalmos
18
Q
what is nystagmus
A
rapid movement of eyes (neuro)
19
Q
what breed is nystagmus and stabismus genetic in
A
Siamese
20
Q
what is physiological nystagmus
A
normal movement/tracking with head turning
21
Q
what is positional nystagmus
A
only noted in certain positions (usually upside down)
22
Q
what is strabismus
A
misalignment of eyes
23
Q
Define belpharospasm
A
squinting
24
Q
what is palpebral fissure
A
eyelid opening
25
what is the canthus
upper and lower eyelids meet
26
eyelid tumors are usually benign in __ and malignant in __
dogs, cats
27
what wrong
chalazion- impacted/infected meibomian gland
28
What wrong
Blepharitis- inflammation of eyelid
29
Dog what wrong
Meibomian gland adenoma
30
what wrong
horners- ptosis, mitosis,
31
what is lagophthalmos and what is cause
incomplete closure of eye
Genetic/brachiocephalic
Neurological deficit CN7
32
what wrong
Blepharoedema: swelling of eyelids
33
what wrong
Distichia- har growing abnormally from eyelid
34
what wrong
Ectopic cilia- hair growing in abnormal location
35
What wrong
nasal trichiasis- hair from nasal folds irritating the eye
36
wht Wrong
Entropion- rolling in of the eyelid
37
what wrong
ectropion- rolling out of the eyelid
38
What wrong
conjunctival hyperemia
39
what wrong
conjunctival hemorrhage
40
What wrong
chemosis
41
what wrong and what indicative of vs conjunctiva hyperemia
sclera’s injection- deep disease
42
what wrong
cherry eye-3rd eyelid protrusion
43
what wrong
Third eyelid mass- hemangiosarcoma
44
What wrong with cats right eye and what diseases associated
miosis- constricted pupil
Corneal ulcer, uveitis
45
what diseases are mydriasis associated with
glaucoma, iris atrophy
46
what is aniscoria
different sized pupils
47
what these
Iris nevus or freckle
48
what wrong and what are some causes
iris melanomas
Genetic or secondary to uveitis
49
what wrong
uveal cyst- benign
50
what wrong, cause and what lead to
Iris atrophy- benign, common in older dogs
Leads to absent/decreased PLR
51
what this and what caus
Persistent pupillary membranes- congenital
52
t or f: diffuse iris melanoma can be differentiated from diffuse melanosis (benign)
false
53
what wrong
Nodular pigmented melanoma and focal melanosis
54
what this
superficial neovascularization of cornea
55
what this and what does it indicate
deep/stromal neovascularization- indicates deeper disease
56
what this
corneal ede,a
57
what wrong
Corneal scaring/fibrosis
58
what wrong
hyperpigmentation due to chronic irritation from nasal trichasis
59
what wrong and what does it indicate
hyperpigmentation- chronic inflammation
60
dog- what wrong
Pannus/granulation tissue
61
cat-what wrong
eosinophilic keratitis
62
What wrong
minerals deposits
63
what wrong
lipid deposit
64
what are some signs of anterior uveitis
miosis, aqueous flare, hypopyon, hyphema
65
what is aqueous flare
proteins in the anterior chamber
66
what this indicate
Positive aqueous flare- anterior uveitis
67
what wrong
hypopyon- WBCs in anterior chamber
68
what wrong
hyphema- RBC;s in anterior chamber
69
what wrong
Keratin precipitates- WBCs and fibrin stuck to back of cornea
70
what wrong
Dyscoria- irregular pupil shape
71
what wrong
anterior synechiae- adhesions of iris to cornea
72
What wrong
posterior synechaie- iris attached to lens
73
what wrong
asteroid hyalosis- benign degenerative eye condition of gel like vitreous
74
identify 1-4
1. Vessels
2. Tapetum
3. Optic disk
4. Pigmented retina
75
what wrong
retinal detachment- you can see fundus without any equipment and bubbles with equipment
76
what wrong and what should you check
retinal hemorrhage
Check BP
77
what wrong and what signs o
signs of systemic disease- hyporeflective areas= WBCs, granuloma
78
what is the outer lipid layer responsible for in tear production and what glands
meibomian glands, prevents evaporation
79
what glands in middle aqueous layer and what is function with tear production
lacrimal and nicitans gland
Lubrication and nutrition
80
what makes up inner mucin layer and what is function for tear production
goblet cells- anchors film and enzymes/proteins/ WBCs
81
what does schirmer tear test measure
aqueous reflex tearing
82
t or f: do not put any medications, stain or do tonometry before STT
true
83
what is normal STT
>15mm in 60 seconds
84
in a dog a low STT may indicate
keratoconjunctivitis sicca= dry eye
85
decreased STT in cats is due to
feline herpes virus or stress/ fear
86
excessive tearing >25mm/min may indicate
pain, poor tear film quality
87
what wrong and what would you expect STT to be
Keratoconjunctivits sicca- green mucoid d/c
Low STT
88
if you see green mucoid d/c from eye what should you do next
STT
89
in dogs with KCS, corneal ulcers persist or progress due to __
lack of tear nutrients
90
what does fluorescein stain look for
loss of corneal epithelium- ulcer
91
what do you need to evaluate fluorescein stain
blue light or black light/cobalt
92
identify ulcers 1-6
1. Superficial ulcer
2. Desmetocele- deep ulcer
3. Indolent ulcer
4. Corneal perforation
5. Melting ulcer- severe
6. Deep or stromal ulcer
93
what drug is used for therapeutic for diagnostic dilation of pupils
diagnostic: tropicamide
Therapeutic: atropine
94
tropicamide is CI in who
glaucoma=- increase IOP
95
atropine contraindicated in who
KCS- decrease tears
Glaucoma- increase IOP
96
Direct ophthalmoscopy allows for examination of
cornea, lids, anterior chamber and fundus with magnification
97
indirect ophthalmoscopy allows for examination of
entire fundus quickly
98
what are advantages of direct ophthalmoscopy
greater magnification= greater detail
Options
99
what are disadvantages of direct ophthalmoscopy
small field of view
Short working distance
Lack of stereopsis
Difficulty examining the peripheral fundus
Greater distortion
100
what are the advantages of indirect ophthalmoscopy
larger field of view for fundus, larger and safer working distance, stereopsis, ability to see through cloudy media
101
what are some disadvantages of indirect ophthalmoscopy
larger learning curve, less magnification of structures= less detail
102
what is normal IOP
10-25mmHg
103
increase IOP=__
glaucomas
104
what is considered increase in IOP
>25-30mmHg, but anything >20mmHg suspicious
105
what does a decrease IOP mean
suggests uveitis
106
what is proparacaine used for
topical anesthetic for tonopen, painful eye, corneal debridement, remove FB
107
proparacaine is not for therapeutic use as it is
toxic to corneal epithelium
