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COM: Neuro (Exam I) > Lecture 7: Embryo Of Orofacial Structures > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Embryo Of Orofacial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Neural crest cells going to the first pharyngeal arch are from what regions of the body?

A

Midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

Neural crest cells that migrate to the frontal nasal prominence are from what regions of the body?

A

Forebrain and midbrain

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3
Q

What structures are part of the neurocranium versus that viscerocranium?

A

Neurocranium = brain case -> anything surrounding the brain

Viscerocranium = face, jaw and larynx

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4
Q

What structures of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification?

A

Occipital bone
Body of sphenoid
Ethmoid bone
Petrous and mastoid parts of temporal bone

ANything weight bearing

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5
Q

What structures of the viscerocranium undergo endochondral ossification?

A

Ossicles of the ear

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6
Q

What structures of the neurocranium undergo intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull

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7
Q

What structures of the viscerocranium undergo intramembranous ossification?

A

Squamous temporal
Maxillary
Zygomatic

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8
Q

What is plagiocephaly?

A

Premature closure of the coronal and lambdoid sutures

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9
Q

What is oxycephaly or brachycephaly?

A

Premature closure of the coronal sutures -> causes a prominent forehead

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10
Q

What is scaphocephaly?

A

Premature closure of sagittal suture -> causes elongated head anterior to posterior

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11
Q

What are the 5 facial primordia?

A

Frontonasal prominence
Paired maxillary prominence
Paired mandibular prominence

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12
Q

What are the 4 steps of forming the face?

A

1) growth and migration of maxillary, mandibular, and frontonasal prominences
2) differentiation of frontonasal prominence
3) Migration of nasal prominences to midline
4) Fusion of medial nasal prominences with eachother and fusion of medial and lateral nasal prominences with maxillary prominence

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13
Q

What does the maxillary prominence give rise to?

A

Sides of face
Lateral palatal shelves
Upper lip

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14
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to?

A

Lateral nasal prominence

Medial nasal prominence

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15
Q

What does the medial nasal prominence give rise to?

A

Intermaxillary segment and nasal septum

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16
Q

What does the intermaxillary segment give rise to?

A

Philtrum of lip

Primary palate

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of frontonasal dysplasia?

A

Hypertelorism
Widow’s peak
Cranium bifidum occultum (cleft skull)
Median cleft of the upper lip and palate

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18
Q

What is the embryologic mechanism to account for frontonasal dysplasia?

A

Lack of migration and fusion of the medial nasal prominences which come from the frontal nasal prominence so it could be a problem with either of these

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19
Q

What embryologic defect accounts for a midline upper cleft lift

A

Problem with intermaxillary segment which came from medial nasal prominence which came from frontal nasal prominence -> problem with medial nasal prominence fusing specifically

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20
Q

What embryological defect accounts for a midline lower cleft lip?

A

Mandibular prominence didnt completely fuse

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21
Q

What embryological defect accounts for a bilateral upper cleft lip?

A

Maxillary prominence didnt fuse with intermaxillary segment and maxillary didnt fuse with lateral nasalprominence (no lacrimal duct)

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22
Q

What embryological defect accounts for an abnormally wide mouth?

A

Maxillary prominence didnt fuse enough with the mandibular prominence

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23
Q

What embryological defect accounts for an abnormally narrow mouth?

A

Over fusion of maxillary and mandibular prominences

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24
Q

What embryological defect accounts for a single nostril?

A

Over fusion of medial nasal prominence

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25
Q

What embryological defect accounts for abnormally spaced nostrils?

A

Medial nasal prominences didnt fuse

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26
Q

When does the palate form and when is the critical developmental period for this?

A

Forms between weeks 6-12 and the critical period is weeks 6-9 (when something is most likely to happen)

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27
Q

What does the secondary palate give rise to?

A

Most of hard palate and all of soft palate

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28
Q

What is the secondary palate derived from?

A

Maxillary prominence (neural crest cells) gives rise to lateral palatine processes which grow toward midline and fuse after the tongue drops

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29
Q

What is the nasal septum derived from?

A

Medial nasal prominence -> down growth from roof of nasal cavity followed by fusion with lateral processes

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30
Q

What is the primary palate derived from?

A

Intermaxillary segment

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31
Q

What is the incisive papilla (foramen) of the palate?

A

Where the primary and arterial palatal processes meet -> once this occurs, the hard palate has formed entirely

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32
Q

What embryological defect accounts for a unilateral cleft palate?

A

Lateral palatal processes failed to fuse together and to the nasal septum

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33
Q

What embryological defect accounts for a bilateral cleft palate?

A

Both lateral palatal shelves failed to migrate and fuse in the midline and both dilated to fuse with the nasal septum

34
Q

What are nasal placodes and what do they give rise to?

A

Formed in frontal nasal prominence and is a thickening of the ectoderm; gives rise to nasal pits which give rise to nasal sacs

Also give rise to olfactory nerves

35
Q

What embryological germ layer are olfactory nerves derived from?

A

Surface ectoderm -> this means they can regenerate

36
Q

What does the oronasal membrane give rise to and what embryological germ layer is it derived from?

A

Derived from ectoderm; gives rise to primitive and definitive choana

37
Q

What is the choana of the nose?

A

Opening from nasal cavity into the pharynx that develops after rupture of the oronasal membrane

38
Q

The mouth is developed from contributions of what embryological germ layers?

A

Surface ectoderm and foregut endoderm

39
Q

What is the stomodeum and what embryological germ Ayer is it derived from?

A

Its the ectodermally lined primitive mouth; derived from ectoderm

40
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane (buccopharyngeal membrane) and what embryological germ layers is it derived from?

A

Separates stomodeum and pharynx; derived from ectoderm and endoderm

41
Q

WHat is the ectodermal boundary of the mouth?

A

palatine fossa (endoderm) -> 1st and 2nd arch territory

42
Q

What are the ectodermal derivatives of the mouth?

A

Epithelium of lips
Gums
Enamel of teeth
Epithelium of oral portion tongue (ant 2/3)

43
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives of the mouth?

A

Epithelium of pharyngeal portion of tongue (post 1/3) -> 3rd arch

Palatine fossa (2nd arch territory) and inferior

44
Q

When during embryological development does the tongue develop?

A

4th week

45
Q

From what pharyngeal arches is the tongue derived?

A

Ectoderm from first arch and endoderm from 3rd arch

46
Q

What structures of the tongue are derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Median tongue bud
Distal tongue bud -> migrate toward midline and grow over median tongue bud
ANterior 2/3 of tongue -> oral portion

47
Q

What structures of the tongue are derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Hypobranchial eminence which gives rise to the posterior 1/3 of tongue -> pharyngeal portion

48
Q

What gives rise to the epiglottis?

A

Caudal portion of the hypobranchial eminence

49
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue derived from?

A

Occipital somites

50
Q

What are the blood vessels and CT of the tongue derived from?

A

Neural crest (pharyngeal arch mesenchyme)

51
Q

What embryological germ layer are the papillae and taste buds of the tongue derived from?

A

Ectoderm

52
Q

Which papillae of the tongue contain numerous taste buds and which have sparse taste buds?

A

Vallate and foliage = numerous

Fungiform = sparse

53
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve

54
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

55
Q

What is glossoschisis?

A

Bifid or cleft tongue

56
Q

What causes glossoschisis (bifid or cleft tongue)?

A

Lateral lingual swellings dont finish migrating towards the midline so you have 2 lateral lingual swellings

57
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Frenulum to close to anterior tip of tongue -> comes from first arch ectoderm

  • Cause unknown
58
Q

What condition of the tongue is often seen in pts with Down syndrome?

A

Macroglossia -> large tongue

59
Q

What are characteristics of the tongue of infants with Down syndrome?

A

Fissuring (deep groove) of the tongue and hypertrophy of the lingual papillae

60
Q

When during embryological development do the teeth begin to develop?

A

Week 6

61
Q

From what embryological germ layers is the dental lamina derived from and what does it give rise to?

A

Ectoderm; gives rise to tooth buds which eventually become baby and permanent teeth

62
Q

From what embryological germ layer is the endamel organ derived from and what does it give rise to during the cap stage of tooth development?

A

Ectoderm; gives rise to the outer and inner dental epithelium

**Dental papilla + enamel organ = tooth bud

63
Q

From what embryological germ layer is the dental papilla derived from?

A

Neural crest

- Dental papilla is dentine

64
Q

What does the enamel organ give rise to during the bell stage of tooth development?

A

Ameloblast-enamel = internal enamel epithelium

Stellate reticulum = external enamel epithelium

65
Q

What does the dental papilla give rise to in the bell stage of tooth development?

A

Odontoblasts -> dentin

66
Q

Explain root formation and attachment of teeth

A

Enamel epithelium induces root formation -> Odontoblasts produce root (dentin)-> root canal made of CT forms -> dental sac forms

67
Q

What does the dental sac consist of?

A

Cementoblasts that secrete cementum which holds tooth against bone

Periodontal ligament which attaches tooth to bone

68
Q

What is ameloblast imperfecta?

A

Enamel of teeth is misformed

69
Q

What drug should you not give to pregnant women or children due to risk of permanent yellowing of teeth and during what developmental period can this happen?

A

Tetracycline

Shouldn’t be given 14 weeks after fertilization through month 10 after birth for effect on baby teeth or thorugh 8 years of age for effect on permanent teeth

70
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue developed from?

A

Lateral lingual swellings

71
Q

The hypobranchial eminence is derived from which pharyngeal arch?

A

3rd and 4th

72
Q 
Which of the following structures is derived from the dental lamina?
A) Dental sac
B) Dental papilla 
C) Enamel organ
D) Odontoblasts 
E) Periodontal ligament
A

C) Enamel organ

73
Q

What do odontoblasts produce?

A

Dentin

74
Q

What cell type gives rise to the dental sac?

A

Head mesenchyme

75
Q

**In unilateral clefts of the lip and palate, the course of the clef passes between which teeth?

A

Lateral incisors and canines

76
Q

**A cleft involving the upper lip and primary hard palate is produced between which processes?

A

Medial nasal and maxillary processes

77
Q

What structure is the anatomical landmark dividing contributions of the primary and secondary palates to the adult palate?

A

Incisive foramen

78
Q

What does the philtrum of the upper lip develop from?

A

Medial nasal prominence

79
Q

What does the major portion of the human secondary palate develop from?

A

Lateral palatine processes

80
Q

The intermaxillary segment forms by the fusion of what structures?

A

Medial nasal prominences

81
Q

What is the nasal septum derived from?

A

Medial nasal prominence

82
Q 
Which of the following bones does NOT undergo intramembranous ossification?
A) Frontal 
B) Occipital
C) Mandible
D) Parietal
E) Maxilla
A

B) Occipital

COM: Neuro (Exam I) (13 decks)

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